.............................................................
TNKE++BE++12TJWSP1234PAEJDBHCTG+GG+G+DGGJAA1PH3AAJ121+23JRRAL
...sEDapPPEEodiirMMMMspnuiael1MGMLGJGiPTCcc0aeCcnaPPJ1JJueepa
...tsarJssssbtsrMaaaaSBobdrre2kMtkLnJaehGttPsbottmeenJnndvvoo
....tn.n12dd....nccccorc.anmmP.k..k.ntto AWLt.rPiett.n..e.Psd
.............................................................
Rufinus ~380 GGGGggggg.G.PPPPgPPPP....P.P..A.AA.A.....A.AAA...AAAA.AAAA...
P.Damasus I 382 AAAA....r.a.AAAA.AA...........A.AA.A.....A.AAA...AAAA.AAAA...
GregoryNiz.d~390 AAAP........PPPP..............A.AA.A.....A.AAA...AAAA.AAA....
Filaster ~390 ..............................A.AA.A.....A.AA???.AAAA.AAA?...
Augustine 393 GGGGggggg.G.GGGGgGG....?......A.AA.A.....A.AAA...AAAA.AAAA..?
Amphilochus d395 AAA?......a...................A.AA.A.....A.AA?...AA?A.????...
Peshitta ~400 PPPP..PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.......P.PPpP.....P.PPP...PP.P........
Old Latin(k)~400 ..............................P.P............................
Old Latin(a)~400 ..............................P?PP.P.........................
Isidorus AAAA....a...AAAAaAA..........................................
P.Innocent I 405 AAAA....a.a.AAaaaAA...........A.AA.A.....A.AAA...AAAA.AAAA...
Jerome d.~419 AAAA?????????????????.....??.?A?AA.A?.??AA.AA???.?A?A.?????.?
Theodoret ~423 aaaa..........................A.AA.A.R...a.aaa...aa.a........
Washingtoni.~450 ..............................P.PPpP.........................
Alexandrinus~450 PPPPPPPPP.P.PPPPPPPPPp......P.PPPPpP.....P.PPP...PPPP.PPPP...
Bezae ~450 ..............................PPPP.PP.....P......????.?P?....
Targums ~450 AA...........................................................
GelasianDec.~500 AAAAAAAAA.AAAAAAAAA........R..A.AA.A..RR..AAAARRRAAAA.AAAARR.
.............................................................
TNKE++BE++12TJWSP1234PAEJDBHCTG+GG+G+DGGJAA1PH3AAJ121+23JRRAL
...sEDapPPEEodiirMMMMspnuiael1MGMLGJGiPTCcc0aeCcnaPPJ1JJueepa
...tsarJssssbtsrMaaaaSBobdrre2kMtkLnJaehGttPsbottmeenJnndvvoo
....tn.n12dd....nccccorc.anmmP.k..k.ntto AWLt.rPiett.n..e.Psd
.............................................................
Vulgate(SIG)~500 ..............................PPPPPPP........................
Gothic ~500 ..............................PPPPPP.........................
Leontius d.~543 AAA.....a.......a............................................
Vulgate(F) 546 ..............................PPPPPPPp....PPPP...PPPP.PPPP..P Byzantine ~550 PPPPPPPPP.P.PPPPPPPPPP........PPPPPP......PPPP...PPPP.PPPP...
Paul ~550 AAAA....r.a.AAAA.AA...........A.AA.A......AAAA...?A?A.????...
Cassiodorius 562 AAAA....a.a.AAAAaAA...........A.AA.A......AAA....AAaAa...A...
Syriac(ph/h)~600 ..............................P.PPpP.....P?PPP...PPPP.PPPP...
60 Books ~650 AAAP....a..RPPPPaPPPPR.R.RR.RRA.AA.A......AAAARR.AAAA.AAA.RR.
Bobbio ~650 AAAA........AA...AA..........................................
GregoryTheo.~650 AAA..AAA....AAAAAAA...........A.AA.A......AAAA...AAAA.AAA....
Vulgate(A) 716 PPPPPP....PPPPPPPPP...........PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPP.PPPP...
JohnDamascus~725 AAAA....a.a...PPa........A....A.AA.A......AAAA...AAAA.AAAA.A.
Nicephorus d.828 AAAR.rA.r.a.RRRRrRRR.RrR.RRRRRA.AA.A...RR.AAAARR.AAAA.AAARR..
Isho'dad ~850 aaa...........................A.AA.A.a....AAAA...??.?........
Catherine ~850 AAA...........................A.AA.A......AAA................
Arabic ~900 AAA...........................A.AA.A......AAA................
Ethiopic ~1300 PPPPPPPPP.PPPPPPPPPPP..PPP.PP.PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPP.PPPP.P.
.............................................................
TNKE++BE++12TJWSP1234PAEJDBHCTG+GG+G+DGGJAA1PH3AAJ121+23JRRAL
...sEDapPPEEodiirMMMMspnuiael1MGMLGJGiPTCcc0aeCcnaPPJ1JJueepa
...tsarJssssbtsrMaaaaSBobdrre2kMtkLnJaehGttPsbottmeenJnndvvoo
....tn.n12dd....nccccorc.anmmP.k..k.ntto AWLt.rPiett.n..e.Psd
.............................................................
Ebedjesu d.1318 AAAA.aA......AaA.AAAA.........A.AA.A......AAAA...AA.A........
Wyclif ~1400 LLLLLLLL..L.LLLLLLL...........LLLLLLL.....LLLL...LLLLLLLLL...
P.Eugene IV 1443 LLLLLLLL..RRLLLLRLL...........L.LL.L......LLLL...LLLL.LLLL...
Gutenberg ~1456 PPPPPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPPPPPPP...
Mentel 1466 LLLLLLLL..LLLLLLLLL...........LLLLLLL.....LLLL...LLLLLLLLL..L Soncino 1488 PPPP.........................................................
Oecolampadi.1515 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........A.AA.A......AAAA...PAPA.PPPP...
Erasmus1GNT 1516 ..............................PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPP.PPPP...
Aldine 1518 PPPPPPPP..P.PPPPPPP...........PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPP.PPPP...
Karlstadt 1520 AAAA.RR...RRPPPPRPP...........ARAAAAA.....AAA?...?AaA.??a?..R Complutens.~1522 PPPPPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPPPPPPP...
Erasmus3GNT 1522 ..............................PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPPPPPPP...
Luther NT 1522 ..............................AAAAAAA.....AAAa...aAAA.AAaa...
Liesveldt 1526 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........AAAAAAA.....AAAA...AAAA.AAAA...
Zurich 1527-30 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........AAAAAAA.....AAAA...AAAA.AAAA...
Pagninus 1528 PPPP.........................................................
Cajetan d.1534 ...............................?....?........?...?.?..????...
LutherBible 1534 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........AAAAAAA.....AAAa...aAAA.AAaa...
.............................................................
TNKE++BE++12TJWSP1234PAEJDBHCTG+GG+G+DGGJAA1PH3AAJ121+23JRRAL
...sEDapPPEEodiirMMMMspnuiael1MGMLGJGiPTCcc0aeCcnaPPJ1JJueepa
...tsarJssssbtsrMaaaaSBobdrre2kMtkLnJaehGttPsbottmeenJnndvvoo
....tn.n12dd....nccccorc.anmmP.k..k.ntto AWLt.rPiett.n..e.Psd
.............................................................
Coverdale 1535 LLLLPPPP..PPPPPP.PP...........LLLLLLL.....LLLL...LLLLLLLLL...
Erasmus d.1536 ..............................AAAAAAA.....AAA?...?A?A???A?..R Tyndale d.1536 A.............................AAAAAAA.....AAAA...AAAAPAAAA...
Matthew 1537 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........AAAAAAA.....AAAA...AAAAAAAAA...
Great 1539 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........AAAAAAA.....AAAA...AAAAAAAAA...
Luther d.1546 AAAARRRR..RRRRRRRRR...........????.AA.....?A?R...RA?AR??RR...
Trent 1546 LLLLLLLL..RRLLLLRLL...........L.LL.L......LLLL...LLLL.LLLL...
Stephanus3 1550 ..............................PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPPPPPPP...
Geneva 1560 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........AAAAAAA.....AAAA...AAAAAAAAA...
39 Articles 1563 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........AAAAAAA.....AAAA...AAAAAAAAA...
BezaNT 1565-1604 ..............................PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPPPPPPP...
Syriac NT 1569 ..............................PPPPpPp.....PPPP...PPPPpPPPP...
Rheims NT 1582 ..............................LLLLLLL.....LLLL...LLLLLLLLL...
Vulgate 1589-98 PPPPPPPP..ppPPPPpPP...........PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPPPPPPP...
Lucius 1596 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........AAAAAAA.....AAAP...PAAAAAAPP...
Douay 1609 LLLLLLLL..PPLLLLPLL...........LLLLLLL.....LLLL...LLLLLLLLL...
AV (KJV) 1611 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........AAAAAAA.....AAAA...AAAAAAAAA...
Elzevir2GNT 1633 ..............................PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPPPPPPP...
.............................................................
TNKE++BE++12TJWSP1234PAEJDBHCTG+GG+G+DGGJAA1PH3AAJ121+23JRRAL
...sEDapPPEEodiirMMMMspnuiael1MGMLGJGiPTCcc0aeCcnaPPJ1JJueepa
...tsarJssssbtsrMaaaaSBobdrre2kMtkLnJaehGttPsbottmeenJnndvvoo
....tn.n12dd....nccccorc.anmmP.k..k.ntto AWLt.rPiett.n..e.Psd
.............................................................
Westminster 1647 AAAARRRR..RRRRRRRRR...........AAAAAAA.....AAAA...AAAAAAAAA...
Oskan Armen.1666 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.......PPPPPpPp.....PPPPP..PPPP.PPPP...
SynodJerusa.1672 GGGGPGPPP.P.GGGGPGGGPP........AAAAAAA.....AAAA...AAAA.AAAA...
Zohrab Arme.1805 PPPPPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........PPPPpPp.....PPPPp..PPPP.PPPP...
Jefferson 1819 ..............................a.aa.a.........................
Lee Peshitta1823 PPPP..........................PpPPpPp.....PPPP...PPPP.PPPP...
Vatican I 1870 ...............................L..L.L........................
WestcottHort1881 ..............................PpPPpP.....P.PPP...PPPP.PPPP...
RV 1881-95 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........APAAPAP....A.AAA...AAAA.AAAA...
Apos.Fathers1891 .........................PPPP................................
P.Leo XIII 1897 .....................................................L.......
ASV 1901 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........APAAPAP....A.AAA...AAAA.AAAA...
Ox.Apocrypha1913 ....PPPPP.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP....P...............................
Ox.Apocr.NT 1924 ......................................PPP.....PP..........P.P P.Pius XI 1927 .....................................................?.......
Rahlfs LXX 1935 PPPPPPPPP.P.PPPPPPPPPP.......................................
RSV 1946-57 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........A.AA.A.....A.AAA...AAAA.AAAA...
NA21 GNT 1952 ..............................PpPPpPp....P.PPP...PPPP.PPPP...
.............................................................
TNKE++BE++12TJWSP1234PAEJDBHCTG+GG+G+DGGJAA1PH3AAJ121+23JRRAL
...sEDapPPEEodiirMMMMspnuiael1MGMLGJGiPTCcc0aeCcnaPPJ1JJueepa
...tsarJssssbtsrMaaaaSBobdrre2kMtkLnJaehGttPsbottmeenJnndvvoo
....tn.n12dd....nccccorc.anmmP.k..k.ntto AWLt.rPiett.n..e.Psd
.............................................................
Lamsa 1957 SSSS..........................SSSSSSS.....SSSS...SSSS.SSSS...
NT Apocrypha1959 ......................................PPP.....PPP.........P.P Jerusalem1966,85 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........AAAAAAA....A.AAA...AAAA.AAAA...
UBS3 GNT 1966 ..............................PpPPpPp....P.PPP...PPPP.PPPP...
BHS 1968-77 PPPP.........................................................
RSV 2nd ed. 1971 AAAAPPPP..PPPPPPPPP...........APAAPAP....A.AAA...AAAA.AAAA...
NIV 1973-83 MMMM..........................MPMMMMP....M.MMM...MMMM.MMMM...
RSV Apocryp.1977 ....PPPPP.PPPPPPPPPPP........................................
UBS Peshitta1979 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP........PpPPpPp.....PPPP...PPPP.PPPP...
neo-Vulgate 1979 PPPPPPPP..ppPPPPpPP...........PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPPPPPPP...
Other Bible 1984 ....................PPPPP..............PP.....PPP.........P..
JPS TNK 1985 AAAA.........................................................
NRSV 1989 AAAAPPPPP.PPPPPPPPPPP.........APAAPAP....A.AAA...AAAA.AAAA...
UBS Vulgate 1990 PPPPPPPPp.ppPPPPpPP...........PPPPPPP.....PPPP...PPPPPPPPP..p Mitchell 1991 ..............................a.aa.aa........................
Comp.Gospels1992 ..............................P.PPpPp.PP.....................
5 Gospels 1993 ..............................a.aapPp..a.....................
Abbreviations:
T=Torah (Teachings): Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; the
"Word of God" as received by Moses in Hebrew (according to tradition),
and the pointer to the Absolute Truth.
N=Nevi'im (Prophets):
7 major: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel
12 minor: Hosea,Joel,Amos,Obad.,Jonah,Micah,Nahum,Hab.,Zep.,Hag.,Zec.,Mal.
K=Kethuvim (Writings): Ps,Pr,Job,SofS,Ruth,Lam,Ecc,Est,Dan,Ezra,Neh,Chron Est=Esther [for comparison indicated separately from Kethuvim Canon ], ~200bce +Est=Additions to Greek Esther of Septuagint, ~50bce +Dan=Additions to Greek Daniel: Prayer of Azariah, Bel, Susanna, ~100bce Bar=Baruch (1 Baruch), written in Greek, ~100bce EpJr=Epistle of Jeremiah, Greek fragments found at Qumran Cave 7, ~250bce
Baruch and Epistle of Jeremiah are additions to Greek Jeremiah of Septuagint +Ps1=Additional Psalm 151, Qumran 11QPs(a)151, ~150bce +Ps2=Additional Psalms 152-155, Qumran 11QPs(a)154,155; ~150bce 1Esd=1 Esdras (LXX:Esdras A, Vulgate:3 Esdras), written in Greek, ~100bce 2Esd=2 Esdras (Vulgate:4 Esdras), ~100ce Tob=Tobit, 1 Hebrew and 3 Aramaic manuscripts found at Qumran Cave 4, ~200bce Jdt=Judith, written in Hebrew, ~150bce
Wis=Wisdom (of Solomon), written in Greek, ~100bce Sir=Wisdom of Jesus ben Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Qumran C. 2, Masada, ~180bce PrMn=Prayer of Manasseh (cf. 2Chr33:1-19), written in Jerusalem, ~100bce 1Mac=1 Maccabees, Greek translation of lost Hebrew original, ~130bce 2Mac=2 Maccabees, written in Greek, ~120bce 3Mac=3 Maccabees (Ptolemaica), written in Greek ~25bce 4Mac=4 Maccabees, written in Greek in Alexandria, ~40ce PsSo=Psalms of Solomon, written in Hebrew in Jerusalem, ~50bce ApBr=Apocalypse of Baruch, (2Baruch), ~100ce Enoc=Enoch, 8 Aramaic manuscripts found at Qumran Cave 4, ~100bce Jub=Jubilees, 10 Hebrew manuscripts found at Qumran Caves 1,2,4, ~100bce Dida=Didache or Teachings of the 12 Apostles, ~65-150ce [Apostolic Fathers] Barn=Epistle of Barnabas, ~100ce [Apostolic Fathers] Herm=Shephard of Hermas, written in Rome, ~125ce [Apostolic Fathers] Clem=1,2 Clement; 1=Pope to Corinth 95ce, 2=sermon ~100ce [Apostolic Fathers] T12P=Testaments of the 12 Patriarchs, Hebrew and Aramaic fragments found at
Qumran Caves 1 and 4, ~100ce [Armenian Bible] GMk=Gospel of Mark, ~70ce
+GMk=Additions to Gospel of Mark, Mk16:9-20, ~450ce GMt=Gospel of Matthew, ~80ce
GLk=Gospel of Luke, ~90ce
+GLk=Additions to Gospel of Luke, Lk22:19b-20,43-44, ~150ce GJn=Gospel of John, ~100ce
+GJn=Additions to Gospel of John, Jn7:53-8:11, ~400ce Diat=Tatian's (110-172ce) Diatessaron or Gospel Harmony (4 in 1) [ANF,v.10] GPet=Gospel of Peter, ~65-150ce [Complete Gospels] GTho=Gospel of Thomas, ~65-150ce [Complete Gospels] JCG=Jewish-Christian Gospels, ~65-350ce, 7 fragments of Gospel of the
Ebionites & 7 fragments of Gospel of the Hebrews in Greek; 36 fragments of
Gospel of the Nazarenes in Aramaic [NT Apocrypha, W.Schneemelcher, v.1] ActA="Alexandrian" version of Luke's Acts of the Apostles, ~100ce ActW="Western" version of Luke's Acts of the Apostles, ~10% larger, ~150ce
"Western Reviser" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce "Western"
version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 & Codex Bezae (D)
{Who it was that was responsible for the additional information concerning
the apostolic age or where it came from is entirely unknown. According to F.
G. Kenyon, "What one would like to suppose (but for which there is no exter-
nal evidence), is that one of St. Paul's companions transcribed Luke's book
[Acts] (perhaps after the author's death), and inserted details of which he
had personal knowledge, & made other alterations in accordance with his own
taste in a matter on which he was entitled to regard himself as having auth-
ority equal to that of Luke."} [Textual Comm., Metzger, p272, 3-438-06010-8] 10PL=10 traditional Pauline Letters: those written by Paul of Tarsus:
Galatians (48-55), 1st Thessalonians (51), Romans (56-58), 1st Corinthians
(56), 2nd Corinthians (57), Philippians (55-62); those written by others:
2nd Thessalonians [warns of Christian Letter forgery!] (~60), Colossians
(~60), Philemon (~60), Ephesians (~80) Past=Pastoral Epistles: 1,2 Timothy; Titus; ~70-130ce Heb=Letter to the Hebrews, ~60-90ce
3Cor=3rd Corinthians, by Paul of Tarsus?, ~58-170ce [Armenian Bible] ActP=Acts of Paul, includes 3rd Corinthians, ~170-195ce [NT Apocrypha] Anti=Marcion's Antitheses, ~140ce
Jame=Letter of James, ~40-120ce
1Pet=1st Letter of Peter, written in Rome, ~73-92ce 2Pet=2nd Letter of Peter, written in Rome, ~120ce 1Jn=1st Letter of John, ~110ce
+1Jn=Additions to 1st Letter of John, Comma Johanneum: "in heaven, the Father,
the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three
that bear witness in earth," [1Jn5:7b-8a(KJV)]; 1st found in the Latin book
"Liber Apologeticus" by the Gnostic Priscillian [p781,n21] ~350ce, found in
only 4 Greek manuscripts!, all after 11th century! [Epis.John,Brown,p775-87] 2Jn=2nd Letter of John, ~110ce
3Jn=3rd Letter of John, ~110ce
Jude=Letter of Jude, ~70-90ce
Rev=Apocalypse of John (Revelation), ~95ce RevP=Apocalypse of Peter, ~135ce [NT Apocrypha, v.2] Apos=Apostolic Constitutions of Orthodox Christianity, ~250ce [ANF,v.7] Laod=Epistle to the Laodiceans [cf.Col4:16], ~100-350ce
-Josiah: king of Judah (638-609bce), institutes reforms, Deuteronomy found
in Temple, Book of Kings written [1K13,2K22-23,2Ch34-35] -Ezra: (-444?,-398?) the scribe brings Torah to Jerusalem from Babylon [Neh8] -Septuagint=LXX=70: Greek translation of Torah in Alexandria during Ptolemy II
reign (282-246bce), details of translation process seem to have been forgot-
ten, hence "Letter of Aristeas" mythical tale, original LXX no longer
extant (only various revisions), but some fragments found at Qumran:
R801:Lv26:2-16; R805:Ex28:4-7; R802:Lv2-5; R803: Nm3:30-4:14; Caves 4 & 7 -Samaritans, Sadducees, Qumran:
-135-104: John Hyrkanos I: Ethnarch & High Priest of Jerusalem, "Age of Expan-
sion", annexes Trans-Jordan, Samaria, Galilee, Idumea. Forces Idumeans to
convert to Judaism, hired non-Jewish mercenaries, etc., Pharisees & Sadducees
, "Sadducees have their
support only among the rich, and the people do not follow them, while the
Pharisees have the people for their ally" [JA13.298]; Samaritans compile
their own version of the Torah using Old Hebrew script; Qumran community
established (Dead Sea Scrolls - 1949), Essene sect?, mostly Hebrew scrolls:
1QIsa(a): full Hebrew "Isaiah Scroll" from Qumran Cave 1 (~-125), MT text-
type [most "Dead Sea Scrolls" are of MT text-type and verify its antiquity] -Sirach Prologue: to Greek translation of Sirach by grandson of Jesus ben
Sirach: "the law and the prophets and the others that followed them", "the
law and the prophets and the other books of our fathers", "the law itself,
the prophecies, and the rest of the books" [NRSV] -2Maccabees15:9 : {Encouraging them from the law and the prophets, and
reminding them also of the struggles they had won, he made them the more
eager.} [NRSV]
-Hillel the Elder from Babylonia: (30bce-9ce), "greatest Torah sage of Second
Temple period", founder of Bet Hillel Torah school; at the request of a
student to teach the entire Torah "while standing on one foot" he replied:
"What is hateful to you, do not unto your neighbor. This is the entire
Torah, all the rest is commentary," i.e., "Go and study it."; "He who
magnifies his name destroys it; he who does not increase his knowledge
decreases it, and he who does not study deserves to die; and he who makes
worldly use of the crown of Torah shall waste away." [Encyclopedia Judaica] -John the Baptist: "15th year of Tiberius" [Lk3:1-2], a Nazirite? [Lk1:15],
arrested and killed by Herod Antipas [Lk3:19-20], {When others too
joined the crowds about him, because they were aroused to the highest degree
by his sermons, Herod became alarmed. Eloquence that had so great an effect
on mankind might lead to some form of sedition, for it looked as if they
would be guided by John in everything that they did. Herod decided therefore
that it would be much better to strike first and be rid of him before his
work led to an uprising, than to wait for an upheaval, get involved in a
difficult situation and see his mistake.} [JA18.5.2, Loeb] -Jesus the Nazarene: "Law and Prophets" [Mt5:17...] -Shammai the Elder: founder of Bet Shammai Torah school; "Make your study
of the Torah a matter of established regularity, say little and do much, and
receive all men with a friendly countenance." [Encyc. Judaica: Avot,1,15] -4Maccabees18:10 : {While he was still with you, he taught you the law and
the prophets.} [NRSV]
-Nazarenes: And he went and settled in a town called Nazareth, to fulfill
what was said by the prophets: "He shall be called a Nazarene." Mt2:23(Gaus)
English Greek Aramaic Hebrew
nazareth nazaret natserath notserath
from-nazareth natserataya notserati
nazarene nazarenos/nazoraios natseraya notseri
nazirite naziraios nazir
torah-observant natsar
shoot netser
mandean nasaraios? natsoraya
nazaret: also nazara, nazareth, nazarat, nazarath
nazarenos: Mk1:24,10:47,14:67,16:6;Lk4:34,18:37vl,24:19;Jn18:5(D)
nazoraios: Mk10:47vl;Mt2:23,26:69vl,71;Lk18:37,24:19vl;Jn18:5,7,19:19;
Ac2:22,3:6,4:10,6:14,22:8,24:5,26:9
naziraios: LXX, also nazaraios, nazeraios, nazoraios, hagios (holy)
nazir: Gn49:26;Nm6:1-21;Dt33:16;Jd13:2-7,16:17;Lm4:7;Am2:11-12;4Q1Sm1:22
natsar: Dt33:9;Ps25:10,21,31:23,78:7,105:45,119;Pr2:8,3:1,6:20,28:7;Jr31:6
netser: I11:1,14:19,60:21;Dn11:7, also Qumran
nasaraios: Epiphanius' Heresies 18
see ABD, Kittel, Brown's "Birth of the Messiah"; Epiphanius' Heresies 29 -Ebionites: Hebrew 'ebiyonim "poor ones"; see ABD; Irenaeus' Ag.Heresies 26.2 -Paul of Tarsus: "Law and Prophets" [Rm3:21...] -Sanhedrin (High Court) period of Judaism: rise of house of Hillel, held at
Jabneh (Jamnia) till 132, begun by Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai to 'perform
commandments and teach Torah'; "Council of Jamnia" (~80) is said to have
canonized Jewish Scripture but this theory has been discredited -Jude: NT book of, cites Enoch. References to Enoch in NT: 1.2:1Pt1.12,
1.9:Jud14,5.4:Jud16,5.7:Mt5.5,9.4:Rv15.3,17.14,9.5:Hb4.13,9.10:1Pt3.19,
10.4:2Pt2.4,10.6:Jud6,Rv19.20,10.11-14:2Pt2.4,10.11-15:1Pt3.19,12.4:Jud6,
14.19:Rv22.1,14.22:Rv5.11,15.6:Mk12.25;16.1:Mt13.39,16.3:1Pt1.12,
18.13:Rv8.8,18.15:Rv8.8,18.16:Rv20.3,21.3:Rv8.8,17.9,21.5:Jud13,
21.6:Rv20.3,22.9:Hb12.23,Lk16.26,22.11:Jud6,38.2:Mt26.24,39.4:Lk16.9,
40.1:Rv5.11,46.3:Col2.3,46.10:Mk8.29,48.7:Jm3.6,48.10:Jud4,51.1:Rv20.13,
51.2:Lk21.28,51.4:Mk12.25,54.6:Rv13.14,60.8:Jud14,61.5:Rv20.13,61.8:Mt25.31,
62.2:Mt25.31,62.4:1Th5.3,63.10:Lk16.9,66.2:Rv16.5,69.27:Mt25.31,
26.64,Jn5.22,72-82:Gal4.10,83.3-5:2Pt3.6,86.1:Rv8.10,91.7:Rm1.18,
91.15:2Pt2.4,93.3:Jud14,94.8:Lk6.24,Jm5.1,97.8-10:Lk12.19,Jm4.13,
98.4:Jm1.14,99.8:Rm1.21,102.5:Col1.22,103.4:Mt26.13,104.13:1Cor4.17 [NA27]
Also cited by Testaments of the 12 Patriarchs, Jubilees, Barnabas, Athena-
goras, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Zosimus of Panopolis -Josephus: (~37-~100) Jewish general, turncoat, historian, hellenist; wrote
Jewish War in 71, Against Apion in ~90, Jewish Antiquities in 94. In
Against Apion 1.8 he claims exactly 22 books: 5 Law, 13 History, 4 Hymns;
but doesn't actually name the books. Presumably they could be: 13 History:
Joshua, Judges-Ruth, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah-Lamentations, Ezekiel,
Minor Prophets, Ezra-Nehemiah, Job, Chronicles, Daniel, Esther; 4 Hymns:
Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs. [Loeb Classics] -Pope Clement I: (91-101) Phil4:3?, wrote to Corinth in 95: "1 Clement" (AF)
{...Clement's Bible is the Old Testament, to which he refers repeatedly as
Scripture (graphe), quoting it with more or less exactness. Clement also
makes occasional reference to certain words of Jesus; though they are
authoritative for him, he does not appear to enquire how their authenticity
is ensured. In two of the three instances that he speaks of remembering 'the
words' of Christ or of the Lord Jesus, it seems that he has a written record
in mind, but he does not call it a 'gospel'. He knows several of Paul's
epistles, and values them highly for their content; the same can be said of
the Epistle to the Hebrews, with which he is well acquainted. Although these
writings obviously possess for Clement considerable significance, he never
refers to them as authoritative 'Scripture'.} [Canon NT,Metzger,p.43] -2Esdras14:45-46 : {And when the forty days were ended, the Most High spoke to
me, saying, "Make public the twenty-four books that you wrote first, and let
the worthy and the unworthy read them; but keep the seventy that were
written last, in order to give them to the wise among your people."} [NRSV] -Elchasai: see ABD, Eusebius' EH6.38: "It rejects some things from every
Scripture; again, it has made use of texts from every part of the Old
Testament and the Gospels; it rejects the Apostle entirely." [Loeb] -Masoretes: at Tiberias compile Masora (MT), standard Jewish Scriptures,
Proverbs, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Daniel, Sirach disputed -Papias: bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, wrote: "Expositions of
the Sayings of the Lord", lost, widely quoted, canon is from Eusebius'
EH3.39 {"And the Presbyter used to say this, 'Mark
became Peter's interpreter and wrote accurately all that he remembered,
not, indeed, in order, of the things said or done by the Lord. For he had
not heard the Lord, nor had he followed him, but later on, as I said,
followed Peter, who used to give teaching as necessity demanded but not
making, as it were, an arrangement of the Lord's oracles, so that Mark
did nothing wrong in thus writing down single points as he remembered
them. For to one thing he gave attention, to leave out nothing of what he
had heard and to make no false statements in them.'" This is related by
Papias about Mark, and about Matthew this was said, "Matthew collected
the oracles in the Hebrew language , and each interpreted them
as best he could."} [EH3.39.14-16 (Loeb)] -R. Akiva ben Joseph of Judea: b.50?, executed by the Romans for teaching
Torah in public after revolt, flesh was torn from his body with iron combs,
coined "thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" as 1st principle of Torah -Marcion of Pontus: first Radical Paulinist?, inspired by Lk5:36, claimed
Jesus rejected "Law and Prophets," claimed to have recovered lost original
Gospel from Luke, promoted Canon of heavily edited Gospel of Luke and 10
Pauline Letters (perhaps also edited) and his own "Antitheses." His
reference to "Epistle to the Laodiceans" may be his title for Ephesians.
-Montanus: of Pepuza, Phrygia; claimed to be Paraclete of John 14:16 -Tatian the Assyrian: (110-172) Gnostic?, student of Justin Martyr, founded
Encratite sect of Antioch, wrote: Address to Greeks [ANF,v.2], used "Law
and Prophets" but rejected Acts and Pauline Letters [EH4.29.5], Diatessaron
(Harmony) [ANF,v.10] blend of 4 "Western" text-type Gospels into 1: {[the
mother of the sons of Zebed]ee (Mt27:56) & Salome (Mk15:40) & the wives [of
those who] had followed him from [Galile]e to see the crucified(Lk23:49b-c).
And [the da]y was Preparation; the Sabbath was daw[ning] (Lk23:54). And when
it was evening (Mt27:57), on the Prep[aration], that is, the day before the
Sabbath (Mk25:42), [there came] up a man (Mt27:57), be[ing] a member of the
council (Lk23:50), from Arimathea (Mt27:57), a c[i]ty of [Jude]a (Lk23:51),
by name Jo[seph](Mt27:57), good & ri[ghteous] (Lk23:50), being a disciple of
Jesus, but se[cret]ly, for fear of the [Jew]s(Jn19:38). And he (Mt27:57) was
looking for [the] k[ingdom] of God(Lk23:51b). This man [had] not [con]sented
to [their] p[urpose] (Lk23:51a)} {#0212} [Text NT,Metzger,0-19-507297-9,p90] -Melito: bishop of Sardis, according to Eusebius' EH4.26.13-14 [ANF,v.8] -Alogi: Asia Minor Christian sect, rejected antipope St. Hippolytus "Logos"
doctrine? (217-235), rejected Gospel of John and Revelations which were
said to be written by the Gnostic Cerinthus [Epiphanius, Heresies 51.3] -Irenaeus: (~120-~202) bishop of Lyons, like Augustine considered the Greek
Septuagint to be inspired; Against Heresies 3.11.8-9 [ANF,v.1] for the Gospels and Eusebius' EH5.8 for the rest -Serapion: bishop of Antioch, disputes Gospel of Peter [EH6.12] -Heracleon: disciple of Gnostic Valentinus, first commentary on Gospel of
John (cited by Origen & Clement), wrote: "Tripartite Tractate" (Nag Hammadi) -Gaius: (Caius) presbyter of Rome (180-217), anti-Montanist, wrote "Dialogue
against Proclus", rejected Gospel of John, Rev., Hebrews [Metzger; ANF,v.5] -Dialogue of Timothy and Aquila: Christian Apologetics, 22 OT + 3 "Apocrypha" -Origen: (~185-253) according to Eusebius' EH6.25, 22 book OT [though Euse-
bius doesn't name Minor Prophets, presumably just an oversight?] + 1 Deut-
eroCanon ["And outside these are the Maccabees, which are entitled Sar
beth sabanai el."] + 4 Gospels but on the Apostle "Paul ... did not so
much as write to all the churches that he taught; and even to those to
which he wrote he sent but a few lines." [Loeb Classics] -Lucian of Antioch: (~240-312) founded Exegetical School, revised LXX, martyr -Eusebius: (~260-~339) bishop of Caesarea, EH3.3,3.25, also Letter to
Carpian and Eusebius' Canon Table system of the Gospels -Muratorian Canon: Metzger argues for ~180ce but see ABD [ANF,v.5,p.603f] -Claromontanus Canon: Philippians and 1,2 Thessalonians missing -Cyril: (~315-~386) archbishop of Jerusalem, Catechetical Lectures 4.33-37,
22 book OT + 26 book NT, considered Septuagint inspired [N&PNF,s2,v7] -Sinaiticus: Greek Codex, earliest Christian Bible -Vaticanus: Greek Codex
-Syriac(s): Sinaitic Syriac, Old Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels -Addai: Doctrine of, Syriac account of founding of Christianity in Edessa
by Addai (=Thaddeus) as authorized in Letter to Abgar by Jesus
[EH1.12.3,1.13,2.1.6-8;NT Apocrypha,v1,p.437-44] -Cheltenham Canon: (aka Mommsen's) claims 24 OT + 24 NT based on Rev 4:4 -Hilary of Poitiers: (315-367), Commentary on Psalms Prologue 15,
22 book OT "though some claim 24 by adding Tobit and Judith" [N&PNF,s2,v9] -Laodicea Council: in Phrygia, Canon 60 [N&PNF,s2,v14], 22 OT + 26 NT -Athanasius: (295-373) bishop of Alexandria, Festal Letter 39 [N&PNF,s2,v4],
22 book OT + 27 book NT + 7 book DeuteroCanon [cf. Esther in DeuteroCanon] -Pseudo-Athanasii: syn. scr. sacr. 22OT+11DeuteroCanon [Swete] -Pseudo-Chrysostom1: synopsis of sacred scriptures [Swete,Metzger] -Pseudo-Chrysostom2: 22 OT, missing Psalms, Ecc, SongofSongs [Sundberg,Table2] -Epiphanius: (315-403) bishop of Salamis, Cyprus; Heresies 8.6, 76.5; Weights and Measures 4, 23; 27OT + 2Deutero + 27NT; considered Septuagint inspired -Apostolic Constitutions of Orthodox Christianity: Canon 85 [ANF,v7],
includes Didache, approved at Synod of Trullo in 692 [N&PNF,s2,v14] -Rufinus: (345-410) Commentary on Apostles' Creed 37 [N&PNF,s2,v3], OT +
27 book NT + 10 book DeuteroCanon; considered Greek Septuagint inspired -Pope Damasus I: (366-384) Council of Rome, preserved in first 3 parts of
Gelasian Decree? [Sundberg,Table2;JTS,v1,1900,p.554-560] [disputed,variable] -Gregory of Nazianzus: (~330-~390) bishop of Constantinople [N&PNF,s2,v7]
Carmina 1.12.5ff: 22 book OT (12 History, 5 Poetry, 5 Prophets) -Filaster: (Philaster) bishop of Brescia (~d.397) Liber de haeresibus 88 -Augustine: (354-430) bishop of Hippo, Gnostic (Manichaean) convert to Christianity, origin of "Original Sin," unlike Jerome he considered the Greek Septuagint inspired: On Christian Doctrine 2.8.13, 2.15.22 [N&PNF, s1,v2], Council of Hippo #36 in 393, of Carthage #24 in 419 [N&PNF,s2,v14] -Amphilochus: (~340-395) bishop of Iconium, Iambics for Seleucus[N&PNF,s2,v14] -400-600: era of "aggressive forgeries" in Christian texts [Grant,JTS,1960] -Peshitta: Bible of Syrian Orthodox Church, in Syriac (Aramaic) -Old Latin(k),Old Latin(a): Old Latin Gospels -Isidorus: de ord. libr. s. scr. [Swete] -Pope Innocent I: (401-417) Letter #6 (to Exuperius) -Jerome: (~347-~419) Christian Latin scholar, 22 book OT ... [N&PNF,s2,v6] -Theodoret: (~393-~466) bishop of Cyrrhus, destroyed ~200 Diat. [N&PNF,s2,v3] -Washingtonianus: Greek Gospels Codex
-Alexandrinus: Greek Codex, Psalms of Solomon listed but missing -Bezae: Greek/Latin Codex, may have originally included Jm,1-2Pt,1-2Jn,Jude -standard Aramaic Targums: T. Onkelos of Torah, T. Jonathan of Prophets -Gelasian Decree: in Latin [disputed,variable] -Vulgate(SIGMA): Sangallensis, Vulgate Gospels in Latin, by Jerome?
-Gothic: Argenteus, translation of Gospels to Gothic (German) by Ulfilas -Leontius of Byzantium: (~500-543) 12 History, 5 Prophets, 4 Advice -Vulgate(F): Fuldensis, Vulgate New Testament, in Latin -Byzantine: Bible of Greek Orthodox Church, in Greek -Paul: bishop of Nisibus (551-571), OT from Junilius Africanus' Instituta regularia divinae legis 1.3ff: 17 History, 17 Prophets, 2 Proverbs, 1 Dogma -Cassiodorius: (~485-~580) Roman Senator, Institutiones 14 -Syriac(ph/h): Philoxenian/Harclean Syriac (Aramaic) New Testament -60 Books: 34 OT + 26 NT (=60), + 9 DeuteroCanon + 25 Apocrypha -Bobbio Monastery in Italy: Liber sacramentorum -Gregory Theologus: 22OT+26NT, approved @Synod of Trullo in 692 [N&PNF,s2,v14] -Vulgate(A): Amiatinus, Vulgate Bible, in Latin -John of Damascus: (~654-~749) Exact Exposition of Orthodox Faith 4.17,
22 book OT + 2 book DeuteroCanon + 28 book NT [N&PNF,s2,v9] -Nicephorus: Patriarch of Constantinople (806-815); Stichometria: 22 book OT:
minus Ruth, Lam, Esther, plus Baruch!, rejects: 1-3Macc, Wis, Sir, PsSol,
Esther!, Judith, Sus, Tob ... [appended to end of "Chronography"] -Isho'dad of Merv: (~850) wrote 22 book NT commentary in Syriac -Catherine Monastery on Mt. Sinai: in Syriac -Arabic chronicle: now in Berlin
-Ethiopic: Bible of Ethiopic Orthodox Church, in Ge'ez, 81 books, ~400ce -Ebedjesu: (d.1318) in Syriac, Epitome Canonum Apostolicorum, Margaritha -Wyclif: first English Bibles?
-Pope Eugene IV: (1431-1447) agreement with Egyptian Copts -Gutenberg, Johannes: first printed Bible (Latin Vulgate) -Mentel Bible: first printed German Bible, based on Vulgate, Strasbourg -Soncino: first printed Tanakh (in Hebrew and Aramaic) -Oecolampadius, Johannes: (1482-1531) of Basle, Epistolarum libri quattuor -Erasmus1 GNT: first published Greek NT, "precipitated rather than edited" -Aldine: first printed Greek Bible, used Erasmus1 GNT for NT -Karlstadt: Andreas Bodenstein (1480-1541), De canonicis libris libellus -Complutensian Polyglot: printed Bible in Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Latin -Erasmus3 GNT: added Comma Johanneum under unusual circumstances -Luther NT: German translation of *23* book NT; Hebrews, James, Jude and
Revelations placed last and not numbered in table of contents -Liesveldt Bible: Dutch translation
-Zurich Bible: Swiss-German translation -Pagninus Bible: Latin translation
-Cardinal Cajetan: (1469-1534) Dominican, debated Luther, questioned Vulgate -Luther Bible: German translation, Wittenberg -Coverdale Bible: English translation of Vulgate dedicated to King Henry VIII -Erasmus, Desiderius: (1469-1536) of Rotterdam, Dutch scholar -Tyndale Bible: first English translation of original languages -Matthew Bible: first English translation authorized by King, used Tyndale's
Torah and his unpublished Prophets and Writings translations plus his NT
plus Prayer of Manasseh from French Olivetan, rest from Coverdale -Great Bible: revision of Matthew Bible, used Jude for epistle v. Judas -Luther, Martin: (1483-1546) German Protestant Reformer -Trent Council of Roman Catholicism: 8Apr, by vote: 24 yea, 15 nay,
16 abstain; De canonicis scripturis
-Stephanus3: first Greek NT with critical apparatus listing variant readings,
closely follows Erasmus' 4th and 5th editions, this became the "received
text" in England and thus basis for 1611 AV (KJV). In his 4th edition,
Stephanus produced the verse divisions used today, some of the more odd
ones were said to have been produced by bumpy horse ride!
-Geneva Bible: English translation, Puritan Bible, included variant readings -39 Articles of Church of England: recognizes deuterocanonicals -Beza Greek NT: had Codex Bezae and Claromontanus but stayed with Stephanus4 -Syriac NT: first published, by Emmanuel Tremellius, collated by Beza -Rheims NT: Official Roman Catholic English translation of Vulgate -Vulgate: Official Roman Catholic Bible, Pope Sixtus V issued Sixtine Vulgate
in 1590, then in 1592 Pope Clement VIII recalled it and issued Clementine
Vulgate with some 5 thousand corrections.
-Lucius, Jacob: published Bible at Hamburg which labelled Luther's four
(Hebrews,James,Jude,Revelations) as "Apocrypha"; also David Wolder the
pastor of Hamburg's Church of St. Peter published in the same year a
triglot Bible which labelled the four as "non canonical." Also J. Vogt
published a Bible at Goslar in 1614 similar to Lucius'. And Gustavus
Adolphus of Stockholm in 1618 published a Bible with the four labelled
as "Apocr(yphal) New Testament." Ref: Metzger's Canon of the NT -Douay: Official Roman Catholic English translation of entire Vulgate -AV (KJV): English translation, authorized by King James, included variant
readings and marginal notes and description of translation, etc.
-Elzevir2 GNT: largely from Beza's, included boast: "Textum ergo habes, nunc
ab omnibus receptum: in quo nihil immutatum aut corruptum damus" {The text
therefore you have, now by all received: in which nothing is changed or
corrupted as given.} which is the source of the term "Textus Receptus" for
the poor Greek text used in the NT of the AV (KJV) of 1611.
-Westminster Confession of Calvinism
-Oskan Armenian Bible: 1st printed, Amsterdam, original by St. Mesrop in 406ce -Synod of Jerusalem of Greek Orthodox Church -Zohrab Armenian Bible: Venice, Vulgate Canon, Yovhan Zohrabian -Jefferson, Thomas: 3rd US President (1801-9), redacted NT to distinguish
religion *of* Jesus from religions *about* Jesus: "We must reduce our volume
to the simple Evangelists; select, even from them, the very words only of
Jesus, paring off the amphibologisms into which they have been led by for-
getting often, or not understanding, what had fallen from him, by giving
their own misconceptions as his dicta, and expressing unintelligibly for
others what they had not understood themselves. There will be found remain-
ing the most sublime and benevolent code of morals which has ever been
offered to man." [To Adams, 12Oct1813] "The whole history of these books is
so defective and doubtful that it seems in vain to attempt minute enquiry
into it: and such tricks have been played with their text, and with the
texts of other books relating to them, that we have a right, from that
cause, to entertain much doubt what parts of them are genuine. In the New
Testament there is internal evidence that parts of it have proceeded from an
extraordinary man; and that other parts are of the fabric of very inferior
minds. It is as easy to separate those parts, as to pick out diamonds from
dunghills." [To Adams, 24Jan1814]
-Lee Peshitta: British Foreign Bible Society, London -Vatican I Council of Roman Catholicism: 24Apr, approved additions to Mark
[16:9-20], Luke [22:19b-20,43-44], John [7:53-8:11] -Westcott & Hort: critical edition of Greek NT -RV: Revised Version English translation -Apostolic Fathers: J.B. Lightfoot, J.R. Harmer, Holmes, ISBN:0-8010-5676-4 -Pope Leo XIII: (1878-1903) 15Jan, Enchiridion Biblicum 135 -ASV: American Standard Version English translation, used "Jehovah" -Oxford Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, 2 volumes -Oxford Apocryphal NT, ISBN:0-19-826121-7 -Pope Pius XI: (1922-1939) 2Jun, Comma Johanneum open to dispute -Rahlfs LXX: critical edition of Greek Septuagint -RSV: Revised Standard Version English translation -NA21: critical edition of Greek NT [NA=Nestle-Aland] -Lamsa, George: "Bible", English translation of the Peshitta -NT Apocrypha: Hennecke-Schneemelcher, 2 volumes -Jerusalem Bible: Roman Catholic English translation -UBS3: critical edition of Greek NT
-BHS: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, critical edition of MT -RSV 2nd edition
-NIV Bible: New International Version, an advance over KJV but for this
time period it's not always an accurate translation of the originals
[cf. Isa7:14, Col1:15 ...]
-RSV Apocrypha
-UBS Peshitta: critical edition of Syriac Peshitta -neo-Vulgate: Official Roman Catholic Bible (in Latin) -Other Bible: Willis Barnstone, ISBN:0-06-250031-7 -JPS TNK: Jewish Publication Society English translation, ISBN:0-8276-0252-9 -NRSV: New Revised Standard Version English translation, used UBS3, BHS -UBS Vulgate: critical edition of Latin Vulgate -Mitchell, Stephen: "Gospel According to Jesus", ISBN:0-06-092321-0 -Complete Gospels: R.J. Miller, ISBN:0-944344-30-5 -5 Gospels: Jesus Seminar, sayings judged authentic: Other cheek (Q): Mt5:39
(92%) || Lk6:29a (92%); Coat & shirt (Q): Mt5:40 (92%) || Lk6:29b (90%);
Congrats, poor! (Q,Th): Lk6:20 (91%) || Th54 (90%); Mt5:3 (63%); Second mile
(Q): Mt5:41 (90%); Love of enemies (Q): Lk6:27b (84%) || Mt5:44b (77%);
Lk6:32,35a (56%) {cf. "Pray for your enemies": POxy1224 6:1a; Didache 1:3;
Poly-Phil 12:3}; Leaven (Q, Th): Lk13:20-21 (83%) || Mt13:33 (83%); Th96:1-2
(65%); Emperor & God (Th, Mk): Th100:2b-3 (82%) || Mk12:17b (82%); Lk20:25b
(82%); Mt22:21c (82%); Give to beggars (Q): Lk6:30a (81%) || Mt5:42a (81%)
{also Didache 1:5a}; The Samaritan (Lk): Lk10:30-35 (81%); Congrats, hungry!
(Q, Th): Lk6:21a (79%) || Mt5:6 (59%); Th69:2 (53%); Congrats, sad! (Q):
Lk6:21b (79%) || Mt5:4 (73%); Shrewd manager (Lk): Lk16:1-8a (77%); Vineyard
laborers (Mt): Mt20:1-15 (77%); Abba, Father (Q): Mt6:9b (77%) || Lk11:2c
(77%); Mustard seed (Th, Mk, Q): Th20:2-4 (76%) || Mk4:30-32 (74%);
Lk13:18-19 (69%); Mt13:31-32 (67%); ISBN:0-02-541949-8
misc:
ABD=Anchor Bible Dictionary
ANF=Ante-Nicene Fathers, Eerdmans Press Canon of the NT, Bruce Metzger
CBD=Christian Book Distributers, Peabody, MA (US=1-508-977-5000) Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, Tanner, 2v.
EH=Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History
Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, Ferguson Encyclopedia of the Early Church, Oxford Encyclopedia Judaica
Introduction to the OT in Greek, H.B. Swete, ISBN:0-943575-21-4 JA=Josephus' Jewish Antiquities; JW=Jewish War JTS=Journal of Theological Studies
Kittel=Kittel's Theological Dictionary of the NT Loeb=Loeb Classics Series [Greek & English or Latin & English] N&PNF=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Eerdmans Press New Catholic Encyclopedia
New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Brown, Fitzmyer, Murphy NT Canon, Gamble, ISBN:0-8006-0470-9, 1985 OT of the Early Church, Sundberg, Harvard Press, 1964 Oxford Companion to the Bible, Metzger
Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Cross Text of the NT, Metzger, ISBN:0-19-507297-9 Text of the OT, Wurthwein, ISBN:0-8028-3530-9 Textual Commentary on the Greek NT, Metzger, ISBN:3-438-06010-8 UBS=United Bible Society [American Bible Society, NY (US=1-800-322-4253)] ::::::::::::::
ce1
::::::::::::::
[1-199ce (conversion era): last revision: 22Sep95 lines: 462] 1ce: year 1 in Christian calendar, (a.d. = anno Domini), (see 525) 6: Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus of Rome; Samaria, Judea and Idumea
annexed as province Iudaea under direct Roman administration, cap. Caesarea 6-?: Quirinius: Legate (Governor) of Syria, 1st Roman tax census of Iudaea 6-9-12?-15-26: Coponius - Ambivius - Rufus - Gratus: Roman Prefects of Iudaea 6-15: Annas (Ananus I) ben Seth: High Priest of Jerusalem Temple, appointed
by Quirinius, "house of Annas" produced 8 High Priests between 6ce and 65ce 6: Zealot's tax revolt: Judah of Gamala & Saddok the Pharisee [JA18.4,JW2.118] 7-26: brief period of peace, ~free of revolt & bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee 9-23: Wang Mang: overthrows Han dynasty of China, attempts radical reforms 9: Arminius the Cheruscan destroys 3 Roman Legions near Rhine river of Germany 9: Hillel the Elder from Babylonia: b.30bce, "greatest Torah sage of Second
Temple period", founder of Bet Hillel Torah school; at the request of a
student to teach the entire Torah "while standing on one foot" he replied:
"What is hateful to you, do not unto your neighbor. This is the entire
Torah, all the rest is commentary," i.e., "Go and study it."; "He who
magnifies his name destroys it; he who does not increase his knowledge
decreases it, and he who does not study deserves to die; and he who makes
worldly use of the crown of Torah shall waste away." [Encyclopedia Judaica] 14-37: Tiberius: Roman emperor, b.42bce, "Son of Divine Augustus" 16-17: Eleazar: son of Annas (6-15), appointed High Priest of Jerusalem Temple 16: Germanicus (adopted by Tiberius in 4) suppresses Revolt of Arminius (9) 17: Livy (Titus Livius): b.59bce, Roman historian: "Ab Urbe Condita"; Loeb:14v 18-36: Joseph Caiaphas: son-in-law of Annas, appointed High Priest of Jerusa-
lem Temple by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate Vitellius