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bce1
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[10,000-601bce (before conversion era): last revision: 8Apr95 lines: 286]
10,000: Neolithic Age: domestication of plants/animals/earth/humans, in Meso-
potamia/SE Asia/Mexico, Ice Age glaciers retreat, Mediterranean climate (dry
summer) develops in Med/Cali/SW Aus/Chile/S Af, deserts appear in subtropics
8000: Copper Age: begins in Middle East, hybrid wheats develop
7000: Jericho first walled (30hectares=74acres) & tower built with flint tools
first rain agricultural and herding villages appear in Subartu (Assyria)
6000: Ubaid period: villages appear in Akkad/Uri & Sumer/Kiengir (Babylonia)
5000: copper extracted from ores in Persia & Afghanistan; agriculture in China
4500-3500: Uruk period: 1st cities in Sumer: Eridu (12h), Ur (10h), Uruk (70h)
4000: Bronze Age: begins in Middle East; earliest Sumerian writing on clay,
white pottery in Egypt, multi-colored ceramics in Central Asia and China
3761: Oct 7: year 1 of Jewish calendar: year of creation (1a.m.= 1 anno mundi)
3600: Troy I: (Hisarlik, Turkey) founded
3500: temples: Al Ubaid & Janna @Eridu, White @Uruk; Mes-Kalam-Dug tomb nr. Ur
3400: earliest Egyptian hieroglyphic writing
3114: Aug 13: zero (origin) in Mayan calender [G-M-T]
3100-2500: period of Archaic Sumerian Cuneiform literature
3100-2890: 1st Dynasty: Menes(Narmer?) unites Egypt, founds Memphis, mythical?
3000-2500: Semites invade Subartu (Assyria); Phoenicians at Tyre/Sidon/Byblos;
1st settlements @Crete; European Danubian culture; Pepi's papyrus: "Instruc-
tions to a Son"; early astronomy in Egypt/Sumer/India/China; Sumerian base
6 & 12 numbers, metal coins, city states: Kish/Uruk/Ur/Sippar/Akshak/Larak/
Nippur/Adab/Umma/Lagash/Bad-tibira/Larsa; wheel-horse-chariot in cent. Asia
2900: Fuxi (Fu Hsi): 1st Chinese ruler, mythical?, taught domestication ...
2800: Etana of Kish unites Sumerian city-states after "Great Flood", mythical?
2700-2200: Old Kingdom of Egypt: age of the pyramids
2650: Pharaoh Zoser: minister Imhotep built 1st step pyramid, at Saqqara, 61m
2630-2600: Men-barage-si: king of Kish(Kishi), disarmed Elam on eastern border
2613-2589: Pharaoh Snefru: built first true pyramid at Dashur, conquered Sinai
2600: Gilgamesh: king of Uruk, "built the walls", Epic of Gilgamesh (see 1200)
2589-2566: Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops): built Great Pyramid at Giza, 137m tall
2558-2533: Pharaoh Khafre: 2nd great pyramid and Great Sphinx at Giza
2500-1500: Indus valley civilization in India: Mohenjo-daro, Harappa ...
2500-2000: Egypt: libraries, Isis/Osiris resurrection cult, Ra sun god temple
at Heliopolis, 12-month/365-day calendar without solar/lunar adjust; Minoan
Crete: snake/bull cult; Akkad/Sumer: mapped, Ishtar/Inanna cult, lunisolar
12-month calendar of alternating 29/30 days each beginning on new crescent
plus annual adjust to solar; China: painted and black pottery, 5-tone music
scale, equinox & solstice calculated, lunisolar calendar; cotton in Peru
2500-2300: Classical Sumerian Cuneiform literature: largely records of Lagash
2500-2300: Yao period of China
2500: Pharaoh Menkaure: built 3rd and last great pyramid at Giza
2494-2465: Ur-Nanshe: king of Lagash, border fights with Umma
2480-2461: Mes-Ane-pada: king of Ur, also "king of Kish" = controlled Sumer?
2466-2455: Akurgal: king of Lagash, son of Ur-Nanshe, lost ground to Umma
2454-2425-2405: Eannatum - Enannatum: kings of Lagash, sons of Akurgal
2450-1850: period of Early Akkadian (Akkade) Cuneiform literature
2421-2410-2401: Elulu - Balulu: kings of Ur
2404-2375: Entemena: king of Lagash, dug irrigation canal to Tigris river ...
2400-2391: Shagkush-anna: king of Ur, "Priest King of Sumer, King of Nation"
2400-2391: Gish-Shag-ki-dug: king of Umma
2380-2361: Lugal-kinishe-dudu: king of Umma, controlled Ur&Uruk, Lagash treaty
2351-2340: Uru-inim-gina: (Uru-Ka-gina), king of Lagash, reforms, early law?
2350: town of Ai destroyed and abandoned (Hebrew 'ay:H5857 implies 'a ruin')
2340-2316: Lugal-zage-si: king of Umma, sacked Lagash, "King of the Countries"
2340-2315: Sargon: king of Akkad, conquered Sumer, "King of the Four Quarters"
2315-2307: Rimush: king of Akkad, reign of terror, raided Elam, assassinated
2306-2292: Manishtusu: king of Akkad, lost southern Sumer, assassinated
2300-2000: New Sumerian Cuneiform: Akkadian (Semitic) becomes dominant
2300-2205: Shun period of China
2300: Enheduana: h. priestess of Ur, d. of Sargon, 1st named author, wr. hymns
2291-2255: Naram-Suen: king of Akkad, Sumer & Elam, "The Mighty One", deified
2217-2193: Shar-kali-sharri: king of Akkad, lost Elam, raided Gutium, assassi.
2205-1767: Xia (Hsia) dynasty of China: founder: Yu the Great, Erlitou palace?
2200: Troy II: sacked in Great Fire, ~80x80m, rich walled coastal trade town
2189-2169-2154: Dudu - Shu-Turul: kings of Akkad, controlled Sumer, decline
2155-2142: Ur-Baba: king of Lagash
2148-2147: La'arab: king of Gutium, conquered Akkad from east, raided Sumer
2141-2122: Gudea: king of Lagash, "Cylinders of Gudea", son-in-law of Ur-Baba
2133-2113: Utu-hegal: king of Uruk, defeated foreign Gutium dynasty in 2130
2112-2095: Ur-Nammu: king of Ur, "Laws of Ur-Nammu": first extant law code
2094-2047: Shulgi: king of Ur, son of Ur-Nammu, northwest wall against Dedanum
2046-2038-2029: Amar-suena - Shu-Suen: kings of Ur, sons of Shulgi, Mardu wall
2028-2004: Ibbi-Suen: king of Ur, son of Shu-Suen, invasions, crop failures...
2000-600: first of seven periods of Chinese literature
2040-1786: Middle Kingdom of Egypt: founded by Nebhepetre Mentuhotep of Thebes
2000-1500: Egypt: 24 sign alphabet, 24 hours/day, sun/star/water clocks, Edwin
Smith Papyrus of medicine & surgery, "Story of Sinuhe", "Book of the Dead",
knotted ropes of 3-4-5 triangle; Babylon Marduk cult & Zodiac signs; Semitic
alphabet; Palace of Mycenae; Palace of Minos @Cnossus Crete & base10 numbers
with Linear-A script; King Cecrops of Attica Greece; India: polished marble
water dam & 4 basic elements of earth-air-fire-water; Stonehenge
2000: horse riders invade from central Asia: Scythians, Centaurs, Satyrs ...
1934-1924: Laws of Lipit-Ishtar of Sumer
1926-1897: Pharaoh Amenemhet II: mines in Nubia and Sinai, contact with Crete
1900-1595: Amorites (Mardu) rule Akkad and Sumer (North and South Babylonia)
1900: Laws of Eshnunna of Babylonia
1897-1878: Pharaoh Sesostris II: Fayyumic depression converted to farm land
1878-1849: Pharaoh Sesostris III: invades Canaan, fortifies Nile 2nd cataract
1822-1763: Rim-Sin: king of Larsa, Sumer; conquered by Hammurapi
1813-1781-1741: Shamshi-Adad I - Ishme-Dagan I: kings of Assyria, Amorites
1792-1750: Hammurapi of Babylon: king of united Babylonia (Akkad & Sumer)
1758: Laws of Hammurapi: king of Babylonia, includes fees for eye surgery ...
1749-1712: Samsuiluna: king of Babylonia, battles with Kassites, Sealand ...
1655-1570: Egypt defeated and ruled by Semitic Hyksos "Shepherd Kings"
1650?: Hattusilis I: king of the Hittites, foundation of Hittite Empire
1595: Mursilis I the Hittite sacks Babylon ending Hammurapi (Amorite) dynasty
1595-1157: Kassites (mountain peoples?) rule Babylonia (Akkad and Sumer)
1570-1085: New Kingdom of Egypt: Ahmose I of Thebes frees Egypt from Hyksos
1554-1045: China united in Shang dynasty of 28-29 kings of Yellow River plain
1525-1510: Telipinus: king of the Hittites
1504-1450: Pharaoh Thutmose III: conquers and annexes Canaan, Syria, Sudan
1500-700: Vedic period of Indian Sanskrit lit.: "Rig-Veda", Aryan Invasion
1500-1000: Enuma Elish creation epic of Babylonia; Egypt: Cleopatra's Needle
obelisk, water flow meter in tomb of Amenhotep III; China: silk, magic-
squares/permutations/right-triangle-formulas, sun height in relation to
incline of polar axis, 1st dictionary: Erh ya; Phoenicians mine tin for
bronze in England; Hittite library has tablets in 8 languages; Laws of the
Hittites; Kikkuli of Mitanni writes on horsemanship; Phrygians leave Thrace
for Asia Minor; Dorians conquer Peloponnesus; Greek script Linear-B at
Cnossus; height of Mycenaean culture; mural in Thebes of female musicians;
Corinth founded; Ethiopian independence; Mexico: Olmec culture: Chiapa de
Carzo, Sun Pyramid at Teotihuacan; Peru: Chavin culture
1500: Iron Age: by Hittites near Black Sea, "metal from heaven": meteorites
1500: Medes and Persians invade Iranian plateau
1500?: Parattarna: 1st king of Mitanni, @Washukanni between Hittites & Assyria
1480-1450: Idrimi: king of Alalakh (Tell Atshanah IV on Orontes), Syria
1450-1425: Pharaoh Amenhotep II: 3 Asian (Canaan & Syria) military campaigns
1425-1417: Pharaoh Thutmose IV: "Conqueror of Haru (Canaan & Syria)", & Nubia
1417-1379: Pharaoh Amenhotep III: height of empire, Babylonian correspondence
14th: Ugarit (Ras Shamra, Syria): 30-sign alphabet using cuneiform on clay
1390-1355: Tushratta: king of Mitanni (Hanigalbat,Hurrian,Horites), assassina.
1379-1362: Amarna period of Egypt: Pharaoh Akhenaton, first Monotheist?, Queen
Nefertiti (Smenkhare?), "Hymns to Aton", Ps118:22-23?, 'realism' in art ...
1375-1334: Suppiluliumas I: king of the Hittites, height of Hittite Empire
1374-1360-1333: Kadashman-Enlil - Burnaburiash II: Babylonian kings
1363-1328: Ashur-uballit I: king of Assyria, foundation of Assyrian Empire
1361-1352: Pharaoh Tutankhamen: Akhenaton's Monotheism is rejected ...
1334-1306: Mursilis II: Hittite king, empire reached Aegean Sea? Syria? ...
1332-1308: Kurigalzu II: Babylonian king, campaigns against Elam & Assyria
1308-1290: Pharaoh Seti I: conquered Libya, Canaan campaigns to check Hittites
1306-1282: Muwatallis: Hittite king, fought with Egypt for control of Syria
1300: Lion Gate of Mycenae built, ancient site of Jericho abandoned (quakes?)
1300?: 1st wave of Hebrew Canaan invasion from Kadesh-barnea by Joshua [Nm33]
1290-1224: Pharaoh Ramses II: period of Hebrew (Egyptian: 'aperu?) Exodus?
1288: Battle of Kadesh: Egypt v. Hittites, Hittites advance south to Damascus
1273-1244-1207: Shalmaneser I - Tukulti-Ninurta I: Assyrian kings,found Nimrud
1269: peace treaty between Ramses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III the Hittite,
Egyptian bases at Damascus and Sumur on coast, Hittites just north in Syria
1250-1200: Lachish, Kirjath-sepher/Debir, Eglon, Hazor, Bethel destroyed
1250: Troy VI: sacked (Homer's Trojan War? Earthquakes? Sea Peoples? ...)
1250?: 2nd wave of Hebrew Canaan invasion from Kadesh-barnea by Leah [Nm21:21]
1250?: Lachish Bowl: 7 letters of proto-Canaanite left to right writing, 1935
1234: Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria sacks Babylon, takes golden Marduk god
1224-1214: Pharaoh Merneptah: plunders Canaan, defeats Askelon, captures Gezer
annihilates Yaro'am (town just south of Lake Galilee): "Israel [male gender,
a tribe not a land] is laid waste and his seed is not.", earliest known
reference to Israel [Unauthorized Version, R.L. Fox, 1991, p.225-226]
1219: Sea Peoples: attack Egypt; Libyan,Shardana,Lukka,Teresh,Shekelesh,Ekwesh
1214-1198: period of anarchy in Egypt, perhaps invasions from north? Jg3:3-10?
1200-1180: Wu Ding: Shang king of China
1200: Gilgamesh Epic: 12 tablets compiled in Uruk by Sin-liqiunninni (see2600)
1200: Hittite Empire mysteriously disappears (Sea Peoples? ...?)
1200: camel domesticated by fully nomadic Arabian Desert tribes (Bedouin)
1200?: Phoencian alphabet of 22 consonants
1198-1167: Pharaoh Ramses III: last of the great Egyptian kings
1183: Sea Peoples: attack Ramses in Canaan; ... Tjeker,Denyen,Peleset,Weshesh
1180: Troy VIIa: sacked (Sea Peoples? ...) [walled area ~2x Troy II]
1157: Elam conquers Babylonia, ends Kassite dynasty, takes golden Marduk god
1150?: Wen Wang: king of Zhou (western) China, "Count of the West", I Ching?
1125-1104: Nebuchadnezzar I: Babylonian king, reclaims Marduk idol from Elam
1125?: Battle of Deborah: Israel v. Canaan, key battle for Hebrews [Judg4,5]
1122-771: Zhou (Chou) dynasty of China: western at Hao, eastern at Luoyi
1114-1076: Tiglath-pileser I: Assyrian king, conquers Babylonia but prevented
from taking Syria by Arameans who control and occupy Syria at this time
1100?: Izbet Sartah Abecedary potsherd: Old Hebrew alphabet left to right;1974
1050?: Philistines: Peleset Sea Peoples?, settled in Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod,
Gath and Ekron; defeat Hebrews in Battle of Aphek; Shiloh sacked [1S4 ...]
1006-1004: Saul: first king of Israel, defeated by Philistines [1S11:15 ...]
1004-965: David: king of united Israel, capital/fortress Jerusalem, Ark of
Covenant, gains control of "King's Highway" trade route from Damascus to
Edom, trades with Phoenicians at Tyre and Sidon, quells internal revolts ...
1000-586: first period (Classical) of Hebrew literature in Old Hebrew alphabet
1000: Troy VIIb2: Thracian settlement, site abandoned? (rebuilt as Ilion ~700)
1000?: King Ahiram of Byblos Sarcophagus Inscription: Phoenician alphabet
10th: Ionians exiled from Greece to Asia Minor where they found 12 cities inc.
Miletus & Ephesus, Greek alphabet, Temple of Hera in Olympia; Hebrew alpha-
bet: Song of Deborah [Jdg5], Song of Miriam [Exo15:1-18], Song of Songs 1st
lit.; India: steel, 360 day year with solar adj.; China: Beijing founded,
script fully developed (Chou wen), brush and ink painting, math textbook
965-928: Solomon: king of Israel, Jerusalem Temple, "Ten Commandments", height
of culture, reign of peace, controls Via Maris (Sea Road) trade route along
Philistian coast, leading trade state between Egypt & Asia Minor, marries
Pharaoh's daughter, spice trade with Queen of Sheba, sea route from
Ezion-geber on Red Sea to Ophir Africa, mines ...
945-745: 22nd Dynasty of Egypt: Libyan Dynasty, founded by Sheshonk I at Tanis
945-924: Pharaoh Sheshonk I: Libyan, harbors Jeroboam, seeds split [1K11:40]
934-912-891: Ashur-dan II - Adad-nerari II: Assyrian kings, wars with Syria
928: united Israel splits into Israel and Judah; Ammon, Moab, Edom independent
928-907: Jeroboam I: king of Israel (Northern Kingdom, 10 tribes) [1K11-14...]
928-917: Rehoboam I: king of Judah (Southern Kingdom, 2 tribes:Judah,Benjamin)
925: Sheshonk I (Shishak) sacks 150 cities of Israel & Judah, Jerusalem spared
after Rehoboam pays tribute of Temple & Palace treasures[1K14:25,2Chr12:2-9]
917-908: Abijam: king of Judah, son of Rehoboam, campaigns against Israel
908-867: Asa: king of Judah, son of Abijam [1K14:31-15:24,1Chr3:10,2Chr13-16]
907-906: Nadab: king of Israel, son of Jeroboam [1K14:20,15:25-31]
906-883: Baasha ben Ahijah: king of Israel, kills entire Jeroboam family
9th: Babylonian Akkadian Cuneiform becomes common language of Mediterranean
890-884-859: Tukulti-Ninurta II - Ashurnasirpal II: Assyrian kings;Syrian wars
883: Ben-hadad I king of Damascus sacks Israel for Asa of Judah [1K15:17-20]
882-871: Omri: king of Israel, allies with Judah & Tyre, founds Samaria in 879
880-844: Aramu: (Arame, Aram) king of united Urartu (Armenia)
879-842: Ben-hadad II: king of Damascus (Syria, Aram), murdered by Hazael
871-852: Ahab: king of Israel, son of Omri, regains King's Highway, marries
king of Tyre's daughter Jezebel bringing cult of Melqart & temple to Samaria
858-824-811: Shalmaneser III - Shamshi-Adad V: Assyrian kings
853: Battle of Qarqar: Assyria v. Syrian alliance which includes Ahab and wins
851-842: Jehoram: king of Israel, son of Ahab [2K1:17,3:1;5-9,2Chr22:5-6]
850: Mesha Victory Stele: stone in Old Hebrew, records victory (attributed to
Chemosh god) of king Mesha of Moab against kings Omri & Ahab, 1868 [cf. 2K3]
850?: Homer: Greek Epic Poet, pseudonym?, "Iliad and Odyssey"; Loeb: 4 vols.
849,848,845: Assyria continues campaigns agaist Syrian alliance
842-796?: Hazael: king of Damascus; takes Ammon, Moab, Edom in 814 ...
842-815: Jehu: king of Israel, with Elisha kills Jehoram,Jezebel,Ahaziah,all
Ahab's offspring & followers & destroys Melqart temple in Samaria [2K9-12]
814-800: Jehoahaz: king of Israel, son of Jehu [2K10:35,13:1-9]
814: Elissa and Pygmalion of Tyre found Carthage (mythical?)
810-783: Adad-nerara III: king of Assyria, sacks Damascus in 796 [2K13:5]
800-500: Dharma-sutra period of Indian Sanskrit literature: "Upanishads"
800-784: Joash: king of Israel, sacks Jerusalem, raids Temple in 785
8th: Greeks settle on Spanish coast, found Messina & Syracuse in Sicily, High
Priestess of Thebes, Apollo worshiped at Delphi, Spartan Laws of Lycurgus,
Laws of Minos of Cnossus; Babylonian 5 and 7 tone scales, Egyptian fable:
"Battle of Head & Belly"; Syria adopts Aramaic; Chinese perfect precision
bronze casting, "Shih ching" (Book of Odes) is 305 poems of 1751-770 period
798-769: Amaziah: king of Judah, regains Edom, looses war v Israel [2K14:7-22]
785-760: Argishti I: king of Urartu (Armenia), founded Erevan in 782
784-733: Uzziah: prince-regent then king of Judah, son of Amaziah [2K15:1-7,
2Chr26:1-3], Yahwist (J) source of Genesis-Numbers (Mosaic Law) written
784-748: Jeroboam II: son of Joash, last important ruler of Israel [2K14:23],
Elowist (E) source of Genesis-Exodus (Mosaic Law); Hosea,Amos,Micah written
776: first recorded Olympic Games, perhaps as early as 1350, women excluded
775: Sept 6: solar eclipse recorded in China
771-221: Eastern Zhou (Chou) dynasty of China
763: June 15: solar eclipse recorded in Ashur, Assyria
753: Romulus founds Rome: son of Mars, brother of Remus, raised by she-wolf,
mythical?, year 1 in 10-month solar calendar (a.u.c. = anno urbis conditae)
747-734: Nabu-nasir: Babylonian king, astrology, "Babylonian Chronicle" begun
744-727: Tiglath-pileser III: Assyrian king, conquered Babylonia, dominant
power, captured Damascus in 732, transforms Syria into Assyrian province ...
730-700: Hesiod: Greek poet, 1st Greek lit. on origins of gods: "Theogony",
also "Works & Days", "Shield of Heracles", names the 9 Muses: (Clio:history,
Euterpe:music, Thalia:comedy, Melpomene:tragedy, Terpsichore:dance, Erato:
elegy, Polyhymnia:lyric-poetry, Ourania: astronomy, Calliope:eloquence) Loeb
728-675-653: Deioces - Phraortes: Median kings of Iran, at Ecbatana, mythical?
727-698: Hezekiah: king of Judah, son of Ahaz, Siloam Inscription in Old Heb-
rew alphabet in Jerusalem water tunnel ~705 [2K16:20;18-20,1Chr3:13,4:39...]
727-722: Shalmaneser V: king of Assyria, son of Tiglath-pileser III, captured
Samaria and Israel in 722, expelled Jews, new nation of Samerina [2K17:3-6]
721-705: Sargon II: Assyrian king, recaptures Babylonia, Syria, Samaria
721-710,703: Merodach-baladan II: Babylonian king, Chaldean, allied with Elam
715-672: Numa Pompilius: 2nd king of Rome, adds Jan & Feb to Romulus' calendar
712-663: 25th Dynasty of Egypt: Ethiopian (Nubian) Dynasty, founded by Shabaka
704-681: Sennacherib: Assyrian king, sacked Jerusalem in 701, Babylon in 689
700-200: second period of Chinese literature
7th: 1st Isaiah (1-39) written; Greek: Apollo/Dionysus cult, 1st Doric columns
in Peloponnesus, 1st Ionic columns on Samos, Acropolis; Babylon's Marduk
Temple (Tower of Babel?); China: "I ching" (Book of Changes): 'yin-yang',
"Shu ching" (Book of History) covers 3000-630; Aramaic common language of
Middle East; Murabba'at Palimpsest oldest extant Hebrew papyrus
690-638: Manassseh: king of Judah, sacrificed his son to Molech ... [2K21:2-7]
685-546: Lydia: Mermnad dynasty founded by Gyges, electrum (gold-silver) coins
685-645: Rusa II: king of Urartu (Armenia), castle Karmir-Blur, decline ...
689-663: Pharaoh Taharka: Ethiopian, aided Jerusalem in revolt against Assyria
683: Athens abolishes hereditary kingship, instead Archons serve one year term
680-669: Esarhaddon: Assyrian king, son of Sennacherib, defeated Taharka in
Philistia in 679, conquered Nile Delta region in 671, Assyrian held till 649
668-627: Ashurbanipal: Assyrian king, sacks Babylon in 648 after 4year revolt,
height of empire, golden age of divination, library of 22,000 clay tablets
667-648: Shamash-shuma-ukin: Babylonian king, brother of Ashurbanipal
663-343: Late period of Egypt
650: Sappho of Lesbos: Greek poetess; (Loeb Classics with Alcaeus)
648: April 6: solar eclipse recorded by Floruit of Archilochus
638-609: Josiah: king of Judah, institutes reforms, Deuteronomy (2nd Mosaic
Law) found in Temple in 621, Book of Kings written [1K13,2K22-23,2Ch34-35]
625-605: Nabopolassar: Babylonian king, Chaldean, founder of Chaldean dynasty
625-585: Cyaxares: Median king of western Iran, drove out Scythian invaders
621: Draco of Athens: writes "Draconian Laws", death for most offenses
616-509: Etruscans of northern Italy invade and rule Rome as Tarquin Kings
614: Medes of western Iran sack city of Ashur, Assyria
612: Ninevah destroyed by Babylonians and Medes, end of Assyrian Empire
609-593: Pharaoh Necho II: regains Syro-Palestine, starts Nile/Red Sea canal
609: Necho II dethrones Jehoahaz of Judah, installs Jehoiakim as king [2K23]
605: Battle of Carchemish: Nebuchadnezzar II defeats Necho II on Euphrates
604-562: Nebuchadnezzar II: Babylonian king, Chaldean, son of Nabopolassar
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bce2
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[600-1bce (before conversion era): last revision: 16Aug95 lines: 490]
6th: Axis Era (Confucius, Lao Tzu, Buddha, Pythagoras,Deutero-Isaiah,Jeremiah,
Ezekiel, Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) ...) called the zenith of human wisdom and
achievement, Babylonians develop 19-year cycle lunisolar calendar (~2hr/19yr
deviation from solar), Mayan civilization in Mexico, oldest extant Latin,
Fables of Aesop, theatre arts begin in Delphi, Age of 7 Wise Men of Greece:
Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Solon, Cleobulus, Periander, Chilo; height of oracle
at Delphi and its priestess, Athens builds public libraries, Hecatompedon,
Temple of Olympian Zeus; Mahavira Jina (Vardhamana) founds Jainism, Shwe
Dagon Pagoda of Burma, Temple of Artemis @Ephesus, European La Tene culture,
Temple of Apollo at Corinth, Temple of Ceres at Paestum, Romans begin
building with semicircle arched ceilings adopted from Etruscans, T. Priscus
builds 1st Roman stone bridge, first record of circumnavigation of Africa,
by Phoenicians for Pharaoh Necho, took 3 years
600-559: Cambyses I: Persian king (eastern Iran), father of Cyrus II
598: Nebuchadnezzar II dethrones Jehoiachin of Judah, installs king Zedekiah
590: Zedekiah of Judah revolts against Babylonia with Egyptian assistance
587: Lachish Letters: ostraca, classical Hebrew on 21 potsherds, 1935/38
586: Judah, Jerusalem, Temple fall to Babylonia; Jews, Scrolls, Temple goods
exiled to Babylon; Temple destroyed; Jeremiah flees to Egypt & dies [2K25]
586-538: Jewish Babylonian Captivity: ended by Persian conquest of Babylonia
585-550: Astyages: last Median king (western Iran), overthrown by Cyrus II
580: Heraion: Greek temple of Hera the Queen of Heaven on island of Samos
575?: Priestly (P) source of Genesis-Numbers (Mosaic Law) written in Babylon
575?: first appearance of Athenian coins
568: Nebuchadnezzar II invades Egypt, apparently failed
562-560-556: Amel-Marduk - Nergal-shar-Usur: Babylonian kings
561: Solon: b.640, Athenian statesman, "Laws of Solon", repealed Draconian Law
except for homicide; Loeb: "Parallel Lives, v1, Solon" by Plutarch (120ce)
560?: Deuteronomist (D) source of Joshua to Kings written in Babylon
559-529: Cyrus II the Great: founded Persian Achaemenid Empire, pony express,
conquered Lydia in 546, Babylon in 539, advocated freedom of religion ...
555-539: Nabonidus: Babylonian king, Chaldean, promoted moon-god Sin of Harran
553?: Zarathushtra: b.630?, Persian Dualism (Good/Evil ...), Zoroastrianism
552-543: Bel-shar-usur: (Belshazzar), acting regent of Babylonia while father
Nabonidus in Tema, Arabia (in exile? worshipping Arabian moon-god? ...)
547: Anaximander of Miletus: b.611, Greek philosopher, 1st Greek sundial?
546: Thales of Miletus: b.636, Greek philosopher, water is primary substance,
1st known accurate prediction of solar eclipse in Europe: 28May585; (Loeb)
538-167: 2nd period of Hebrew literature: Aramaisms, square script adopted
538-530: Cyrus grants Temple rebuilding to Sheshbazzar & Zerubbabel, Ez1:1f in
Hebrew, Ez6:3f in Babylonian Aramaic, work halted during Cambyses II reign
531?: Lao-tzu:b.604?,571?,pseudonym?,Li Er?,Chinese philosopher,"Tao Te Ching"
530: 2nd Isaiah (40-55) written in Babylon by Deutero-Isaiah, proclaims Cyrus
as Jewish Messiah because of his decree to rebuild Temple [I44:25-45:4]
529-522: Cambyses II: Persian emperor, son of Cyrus II, conquered Egypt in 525
526: Anaximenes of Miletus: b.586, Greek philosopher, air is primary substance
522-486: Darius I: Persian emperor, founded Persepolis, extended empire to 20
satrapies (provinces), conquered India's Punjab in 517-509, Thrace in 512
521: Buddha goes to the holy city Benares, India; first sermon in deer park
515: 2nd Jerusalem Temple construction completed during Darius I reign [Ez6]
509-27: Roman Republic: founded when Tarquin Kings were expelled after rape
of Lucrece, 2 consuls elected yearly, Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
508: Cleisthenes: introduces sweeping democratic reforms in Athens
507: unsuccessful attempt by Sparta to oust Cleisthenes & restore aristocracy
507: Pythagoras: b.582, Greek mathematician, numbers are primary substance
500-200: Classical period of Chinese Philosophy
500-200: Dharmasastra (or smrti) period of Indian Sanskrit lit.: "Sutras"
500-300: Classical Greek: Attic Greek of Athens becomes standard Greek
500: Susrata: Indian surgeon performs cataract operations
500?: Parmenides: Greek philosopher, founded Eleaticism at Elea, Italy:
"motion & change are illusions, only immovable & immutable Being is real"
499-479: Greece's "Persian Wars": Persia fails to conquer Greece
498: Temple of Saturn in Rome
494: Plebeians (Plebs) revolt in Rome: tribunate formed with Concilium Plebis
490: Aug 12: Battle of Marathon: ~26 miles from Athens, Greeks defeat Persians
486-465: Xerses I: Persian emperor, halts Babylonian revolt and melts their
golden Marduk god in 482, sacks Athens in 480, decline, assassinated
483: Heracleitus: b.544, Greek philosopher of Ephesus: "permanence is illusion
and constant change is only reality"; coined "Logos" (Word) as 3-fold:
order creator; order sustainer; rationality expressed as written language
483?: Buddha: Siddhartha Gautama, b.563?, Indian philosopher, Buddhism
480-380: height of Greek drama at Athens
479: K'ung Fu-tzu: Kung Ch'iu, Confucius, b.551, Chinese philosopher, founder
of Confucianism, sayings recorded in "Lun-yu" (Analects), coined "Tao" (Way)
Golden Rule: "What you do not like done to yourself, do not do to others"
478: Delian League: formed by Athens against Persians, rebuilds city walls
468?: Aristides the Just: b.530?, Athenian statesman and general; (Loeb)
465-425-424-405: Artaxerxes I - Xerxes II - Darius II: Persian emperors
464: democracy in Syracuse, Sparta damaged by earthquakes
462-429: Pericles: b.495, democratic leader of Athens, Athenian golden age
460-404: Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, end of Athenian power
460: Athens captures Memphis, Egypt; held to ~454
457: "Long Walls" built at Athens
456: Aeschylus: b.525, Greek "Father of Tragedy", introduced second actor,
scenery & costumes to Athenian theatre, wrote: Suppliant Maidens; Persians;
Prometheus; 7 Against Thebes; Agamemnon; Libation Bearers; Eumenides; 2 Loeb
453-221: "Warring States" period of China: Zhou/Jin/Wei/Han/Zhao/Chu/Yan/Qi
451: "5-year truce" between Athens and Sparta
451: 3 Roman senators sent to Athens to study "Laws of Solon" (560)
450: Decemvirs codify Roman Law: "XII Tables"; Loeb: "Remains of Old Latin" v3
450?: Torah: (Mosaic Law), compiled from E,J,P,D sources in Babylon
450?: Diagoras of Melos: first Greek Atheist?, "Ho Atheos" (The Atheist)
450?: Celts invade British Isles
450?: Papyrus Elephantine: in Aramaic, Jewish military colony in Egypt on Nile
island of Yeb, Yahu (YHW) god temple (destroyed in 410), also Eshem ('SM)
god and Anath ('NT) goddess, also Bethel (BYT'L) and Herem gods, ... 1907/8
448: Treaty of Callias: Persia supports Athens against Sparta
447: construction begins of Athenian Classical Temples on the Acropolis
446: "30-year truce" between Athens and Sparta
445: Nehemiah comes from Babylon to aid Temple rebuilding at Jerusalem [Nh1-6]
443: Pindar: b.522?, Greek lyric poet (Loeb Classics)
432: Greek mathematician Meton adopts 19-year cycle lunisolar calendar
431: August 3: solar eclipse recorded in Greece [Thucydides 2.28.2]
431: Temple of Apollo in Rome
430: Book of Ruth written
428: Samaritans build temple at Mount Gerizim in Samaria
425: Herodotus: b.484?, Greek "Father of History", Loeb Classics has 4 volumes
423: "1-year truce" between Athens and Sparta
421: "50-year truce" between Athens and Sparta, "Peace of Aristophanes"
412: Treaty of Miletus: Persia switches support to Sparta against Athens
410: Protagoras: b.480, Greek philosopher, Sophist Agnostic banned from
Athens, "Man is the measure of all things", "truth is subjective" ...
409: Rhodes built by Greek architect Hippodamus of Miletus
406: Euripides: b.480?, Greek Dramatist: Cyclops, Orestes, Electra; Loeb: 4 v.
406: Sophocles: b.496?, Greek Dramatist, introduced third actor and expanded
chorus from 12 to 15 in Athenian theatre, wrote: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at
Colonus, Antigone, Ajax, Electra, Trachiniae, Philoctetes; Loeb Classics 2v.
405-359: Artaxerxes II: Persian emperor, plagued by revolts, Egypt etc.
405-367: Dionysius the Elder: Tyrant of Syracuse, major power of Greek Italy
404: Sparta defeats Athens, "Long Walls" destroyed, "Thirty Tyrants" rule
403: "Thirty Tyrants" of Athens overthrown, democracy restored by Thrasybulus
403: Tzu-ssu: b.482, Chinese philosopher, wrote: "The Central Harmony"
400: Thucydides: b.460, Greek historian: "History Peloponnesian War"; Loeb: 4v
400: Tsou Yen: Chinese philosopher, founder of Naturalists
400?: 1st 7 chapters of "Chuang-tzu" written by Chuang Chou; Chinese Philos.
400?: Ch'un-ch'iu: "Spring & Autumn Annals", of 12 Chinese rulers from 722-481
400?: Li-chi: "Book of Rites" by Tseng Tzu; lost "Book of Music" by Yueh ching
399: Socrates: b.470?, Greek Philosopher, condemned to death by hemlock
398?: (458?) Ezra brings Torah (Mosaic Law) to Jerusalem from Babylon [Neh8]
397: first war between Carthage and Syracuse
395-387: Corinthian War: Corinth and Athens v. Sparta, involved Persians
394-391: "Long Walls" rebuilt at Athens
391?: Mo-tzu: Mo Ti, b.470, Chinese philosopher, founded Moism: Universal Love
390: Gauls from northern Italy under Brennus sack Rome, "Vae victis"
388: Aristophanes: Athenian dramatist: "Archarnians; Knights; Clouds; Wasps;
Peace;Birds;Frogs;Lysistrata;Thesmophoriazusae;Ecclesiazusae;Plutus" Loeb 3v
387: Plato (347) founds "Academy" (school of Philosophy) at Athens
383: second war between Carthage and Syracuse
380-343: 30th Dynasty: founded by Nekhtnebf I, last native dynasty of Egypt
380: Lysias: b.459, Greek orator, wrote: "Oration 1", "Oration 32"
377: city walls of Rome built
375-335: Papyrus Samarian: in Aramaic, fragments of legal documents
371: Battle of Leuctra: Sparta defeated by Thebes, begins decline in power
370: Hippocrates: b.460, Greek "Father of Medicine"; Loeb Classics has 6 vols.
368: third war between Carthage and Syracuse
367-344: Dionysius II the Younger: Tyrant of Syracuse, disciple of Dion (354)
367: Persians standardize 19-year cycle lunisolar calendar
366: Temple of Concordia in Rome
360?: Yang Zhu: (Yang Chu), b.440, Chinese philosopher, accused of hedonism
359-336: Philip II: king of Macedon, dominant Greek power, assassinated
359-338: Artaxerses III of Persia: Jews revolt 350; Egypt recap. 343;assassin.
356: China begins building Great Wall against Huns
355: Xenophon: b.434, Greek soldier and historian; Loeb Classics has 7 vols.
354: Dion of Syracuse: b.409?, Platonic philosopher & statesman, assassinated
350: Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah, Jonah, Job; written in Jerusalem
350: Heraclides: disciple of Plato, teaches heliocentric system
350: Chuang-tzu: Chinese philosopher (tzu means Master)
350: Mahabharata: Indian epic (inc. Bhagavad Gita) recounts events 1400-800bce
347: Plato: b.427?, Greek Philosopher, ideas are primary substance; Loeb: 12v.
343-341: first Samnite (central Italy) War of Rome
343: Aristotle begins teaching Alexander the Great the Son of Zeus & a virgin
340-338: Latin Wars: Rome defeats rebellious Italian cities
340: Praxagoras of Cos discovers difference between arteries and veins
340?: Buddhism splits: Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) & Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle)
339: Publilian Laws of Rome: reform led by Quintus Publilius Philo
338-336-331: Arses - Darius III: Persian emperors, both assassinated
338: Battle of Chaeronea: Macedonians conquer Athens, control Greece
338: Isocrates: b.436, Athenian orator, advocated Pan-Hellenism; Loeb: 3v.
338: first Roman coins
336-323: Alexander the Great of Macedon: founded Alexandrian Empire, b.356
335: Aristotle returns to Athens, founds Lyceum: Peripatetic philosophy school
334-331: Alexander the Great defeats Darius III at Granicus, Issus, Gaugamela
332: Alexander conquers Egypt, founds city of Alexandria (center of Hellenism)
331: Babylon falls: Alexander is "Son of God" at oracle of Amun in Siwa, Egypt
330: Greek explorer Pytheas of Massilia (Marseilles) reaches Britain
327: Alexander invades India to the Indus river but generals turn back
326-304: 2nd Samnite (central Italy) War of Rome
325: earliest extant Greek papyrus: "Persae of Timotheus of Miletus"; Loeb: 3v
323: June 10: Alexander dies, "Diadochi" (successor) inheritance wars begin
323-322: Lamian War: unsuccessful revolt of Athens against Macedonian rule
323: remaining Jews in Judea sent to Alexandria, Egypt by Ptolemy I Soter
323: Diogenes the Cynic: (kuon:dog), b.412?, lived in a barrel in Athens ...
322-297: Chandragupta: founds Mauryan Empire of India, expels Greeks, Jain?
322: Aristotle: b.384, Greek Philosopher, logic is primary substance; Loeb:24v
322: Demosthenes: b.384?, Greek orator, "Philippics", etc.; Loeb: 7 volumes
319-314: Syria ruled by Ptolemy
315: 4 years war: Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimachus v. Antigonus
314-301: Antigonus I Cyclops: founds Antigonid Empire of Macedon, rules Syria
311-281: Seleucus I Nicator(victor): founds Seleucid Empire of Syria & Antioch
307: Museum and Library of Alexandria begun under Ptolemy I Soter
305-281: Lysimachus: king of Thrace, killed in battle against Seleucus
305-282: Ptolemy I Soter (savior): founds Ptolemaic Empire of Egypt
305-297: Cassander: king of Antigonid Empire of Macedon
305: Chandragupta defeats Seleucus and extends Mauryan Empire into Afghanistan
301: Battle of Ipsus: Antigonus defeated & killed, Judea under Ptolemaic rule
300-550ce: Koine (Common) Greek from Alexandria becomes standard Greek
300: Ramayana: Indian epic, life of Rama, the ideal man and king
300: Atetello at Teotihuacan: Mexican sun temple
300?: Euclid: Greek Mathematician, "Elements"; Loeb Classics with Thales
300?: Hsiao ching: "Book of Filial Piety"; Chinese Confucian philosophy
298-290: 3rd Samnite War of Rome: Roman control of central & southern Italy
297-273: Bindusara: king of Mauryan Empire of India, conquers southern India
294-288: Demetrius I: king of Antigonid Empire, surrenders to Seleucus in 285
293: first Roman sundial [Pliny (79ce): Natural History 7.213]
292: Menander: b.342?, Greek dramatist, wrote "Sententiae"; Loeb: 3 volumes
288?: Meng-tzu: Mencius, b.371?, Chinese Confucian philoso., "Book of Mencius"
287: Lex Hortensia: Roman Law reform by Quintus Hortensius
287: Theophrastus: b.372, Greek Peripatetic philosopher; Loeb: 5 volumes
282-246: Ptolemy II Philadelphus (sister-loving): Egypt/Judea/Samaria/Galilee;
Torah (Mosaic Law) Greek translation: Septuagint/LXX/70 in Alexandria, lost
281-261: Antiochus I Soter (savior): king of Seleucid Empire of Syria
279-276: Gauls invade Macedon (Northern Greece)
276-239: Antigonus II Gonatas: Antigonid king, married Antiochus' sister
276-272: 1st Syrian War: Ptolemy II defeats the Seleucids under Antiochus I
275: end of history of city of Babylon the Great
275: Manetho: Egyptian high priest writes "History of Egypt" in Greek; (Loeb)
275: Colossus of Rhodes: bronze Helios sun god, destroyed by earthquake in 224
275?: Appius Claudius: Roman Censor, Appian Aqueduct, Via Appia, letter "G"...
273-232: Asoka the Great: Buddhist king of Mauryan Empire, united India in
"Unity of Diversity", erected 40ft. columns inscribed with "Laws of Right
Conduct & Nonviolence" picked up later by Thoreau, Gandhi, M. L. King ...
270: Epicurus: b.341, Greek philosopher wrote: "Kuriai Doxai" (Prin. Doctrine)
269: Denarius: first appearance of this Roman silver coin
264-241: First Punic War: Rome v. Carthage, Rome gained Sicily
264: Roman public gladiator combats begin
262?: Zeno of Citium: b.336, founder of Greek Stoic philosophy
261-246: Antiochus II Theos (God): Seleucid King, married Ptolemy 2's daughter
260-253: 2nd Syrian War: Antiochus II and Antigonus II defeat Ptolemy II
260: Theocritus: b.300, Greek pastoral poet, wrote 31 short poems
250: Ecclesiastes: written in Hebrew
250: Synagogues: places to study Torah (Mosaic Law), appear
250: Arcesilaus founds Second Academy of Athens
250?: Epistle of Jeremiah: Greek fragments found at Qumran Cave 7 (Septuagint)
250?: Apollonius Rhodius: Greek epic writer, wrote: "Argonautica"
250?: Apollonius of Perga: Greek Mathematician, "Parabola, Hyperbola, Ellipse"
247-224ce: Parthian Empire (neo-Persian): founded in modern NE Iran by Arsaces
246-222: Ptolemy III Euergetes (benefactor): rules Egypt/Judea/Samaria/Galilee
246-225: Seleucus II Callinicus (glorious in victory): lost Parthia/Asia Minor
246-241: 3rd Syrian War: Ptolemy III gains control of Eastern Mediterranean
240: Callimachus: b.305, Greek epigrammist, wrote Aetia;Iambics;Hymns;Hecale
238: Ptolemy III attempts Egyptian calendar reform to 365.25 days, rejected
238: Romans capture Sardinia then Corsica from Carthage
233: Sun-tzu (tzu means Master): Chinese philosopher, wrote "The Art of War"
233: Han-fei-tzu: Chinese philosopher, founder of Legalists, cf. Machiavelli
230: Xunzi: (Hsun-tzu), b.298, Chinese philosopher, opposed Confucianism
227-221: Antigonus III Doson: Antigonid king of Macedon, controls Greece
225-223: Seleucus III Soter (savior): king of Seleucid Empire of Syria
225: Quintus Fabius Pictor: first Roman historian
223-187: Antiochus III the Great: Seleucid king, rules Jud/Sam/Gal til 217
222-204: Ptolemy IV Philopator (father-loving): decline of empire begins
221-179: Philip V: king of Macedon
221-207: Qin (Ch'in) dynasty of China: Shi Huangdi defeats "Warring States"
221-217: 4th Syrian War: Ptolemy defeats Antiochus, rules Jud/Sam/Gal til 198
218-201: Second Punic War: Rome v. Carthage, Rome gained Spain
214-205: 1st Macedonian War: Rome attacks Macedon for siding with Carthage
213: "Burning of the Books": ordered by Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi of China
212: Archimedes: b.287, Greek mathematician, buoyancy, screw, lever, ...
204-180: Ptolemy V Epiphanes (God-manifest): rapid decline of empire
202-9ce: Western Han dynasty of China: founder Liu Bang (Gaodi), at Chang'an
201-195: 5th Syrian War: Seleucid Empire regains control of E. Mediterranean
200-0: early Torah (Law) Sages: Antigonus of Sochoh, Jose ben Johanan of Jeru-
salem, Jose ben Joezer of Zereda in Samaria, Joshua ben Perahiah and Nittai
of Arbel in Galilee, Simeon ben Shetah, Judah ben Tabbai, Shemiah, Abtalion
200-46: Rome: calendar in theory adjusted every year by the Pontifices (High
Priests) so that annual sacrifices would occur in the same seasons from year
to year, but in practice the calendar diverged widely from true solar year
200-100: period of Early Latin literature such as Plautus (184)
200-196: 2nd Macedonian War: Rome defeats Philip V of Macedon
200: Book of Esther written in Hebrew in Susa, Persia
200?: 4QSam(b): Hebrew 1 Samuel fragments from Qumran Cave 4, LXX text-type
200?: 4QDt(q): Hebrew Song of Moses frags. from Qumran Cave 4, LXX text-type
200?: Targums: begun, paraphrases of Torah (Mosaic Law) into W. Syrian Aramaic
200?: Tobit: 3 Aramaic & 1 Hebrew mss. frags. found Qumran Cave 4 (Septuagint)
200?: Li Szu: writes San ts'ang: Chinese dictionary of 3,300 symbols
200?: Ma-wang-tui silks: oldest and complete Tao Te Ching (Taoism), Lao-tzu
190-159: Artashes I: Armenian king, founded Artaxiad dynasty
198: Antiochus III reclaims Jud/Sam/Gal, begins extreme missionary hellenism
197: Athens under Roman rule after Roman defeat of Macedonians
195: Eratosthenes: b.275, Greek scientist, calc. earth's circumference & tilt
190: March 14: solar eclipse in Rome [Livy: Ab Urbe Condita 37.4.4]
187-175: Seleucus IV Philopator (father-loving): Seleucid king of Syria
From ???@??? Sun Oct 08 20:37:15 1995
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From: Paul Harvey
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Subject: Re: INDEX
To: ric@sonic.net (ric carter)
Date: Mon, 9 Oct 1995 17:26:30 -0700 (PDT)
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185: Mauryan dynasty ends, Hinduism restored, Jains & Buddhists persecuted
184: Plautus: b.254, Roman playwright, "Early Latin"; Loeb Classics: 5 volumes
182: Hannibal: b.247, Carthaginian general, crossed the Alps with elephants
180-145: Ptolemy VI Philometer (mother-loving): rapid decline of empire
180?: Wisdom of Jesus ben Sirach (Vg: Ecclesiasticus): written in Hebrew in
Jerusalem, Hebrew manuscripts found at Masada and Qumran Cave 2 (Septuagint)
180?: Aristophanes of Byzantium: Alexandrian librarian, invented vowel accents
179: Pons Aemilius: oldest extant stone bridge in Rome
175-164: Antiochus IV Epiphanes (God-manifest): Seleucid king, persecuted Jews
175: Jerusalem High Priest Jason builds gymnasium for Greek athletic games ...
175?: Papyrus Rylands 458: R957, Greek Deuteronomy fragments, ~20v from 23-28
171-138: Mithradates I: Parthian king, controls all of Persian Plateau
171-168: 3rd Macedonian War: Rome defeats Perseus, Macedon split: 4 republics
169: Ennius the Poet: b.239, "Father of Latin Literature"; Loeb Classics: 4v.
168: June 21: lunar eclipse in Rome [Livy: Ab Urbe Condita 44.37.8]
168: Antiochus IV plunders and desecrates Jerusalem Temple & erects Zeus altar
167: Dec: Antiochus IV abolishes Temple worship, Jews forced to eat pork ...
167-164: Hasmonean (Maccabean) Revolt: Judean response to Antiochus IV [1Mac2]
165: Daniel: written in Jerusalem, ~1/2 Aramaic, some basis in past: 280-180
164: Dec: Jerusalem Temple rededicated by Judas Maccabaeus son of Mattathias
164-63: Hasmonean (Maccabean) Kingdom of Judea
164-162: Antiochus V Eupator (born-of-noble-father): Seleucid king of Syria
160-144: Jonathan Maccabaeus: High Priest and King of Jerusalem, assassinated
159: Terence: b.185, African brought to Rome as a slave, wrote comic dramas
Andria, Hecyra, Heauton timorumenos, Eunuchus, Phormio, Adelphi; Loeb: 2v
150?: Judith: original written in Hebrew, ironic moralist novel (Septuagint)
150?: Psalms 151-155 (Peshitta), LXX:Ps151, Hebrew:Qumran:11QPs(a):151,154,155
150?: Pausanias: Greek geographer & historian; Loeb Classics has 5 volumes
150?: Papyrus Nash: Decalogue (Ex20) and Shema (Dt5) in Hebrew, 1949
150?: Papyrus R819: Greek Deuteronomy 11:4
149-146: Third Punic War: Romans kill 450,000 in brutal sack of Carthage ...
149-148: 4th Macedonian War: Rome crushes revolt, end of Macedonian resistance
149: Cato the Elder: b.234, Roman Chief Jurist, wrote: "de Agri Cultura"; Loeb
147-139: Viriatus of Lusitania (Portugal) rebels against Rome, assassinated
146: Greece under Roman rule
145-116: Ptolemy VIII Physcon (pot-bellied): cruel, expels Alex. scholars ...
145-142: Antiochus VI Epiphanes Dionysus (Dionysus Manifest): Seleucid king
144-135: Simon Maccabaeus: Ethnarch & High Priest of Jerusalem, expels
Syrians, annexed Jaffa, assassinated [1Mac13-16]
141-87: Wudi (Wu Ti): emperor of China, Confucianism state ideology, silk road
138-129: Antiochus VII Sidetes (of Side): Seleucid king of Syria
139: Liu An writes "Huai-nan-tzu": an encylopedia of Chinese philosophy
135-104: John Hyrkanos I: Ethnarch & High Priest of Jerusalem, "Age of Expan-
sion", annexes Trans-Jordan, Samaria, Galilee, Idumea. Forces Idumeans to
convert to Judaism, hired non-Jewish mercenaries, etc., Pharisees & Sadducees
, "Sadducees have their
support only among the rich, and the people do not follow them, while the
Pharisees have the people for their ally" [JA13.298]; Samaritans compile
their own version of the Torah using Old Hebrew script; Qumran community
established (Dead Sea Scrolls - 1949), Essene sect?, mostly Hebrew scrolls
134-132: 1st Servile War: unsuccessful slave uprising in Sicily against Rome
133: Asia Minor (modern Turkey) annexed by Rome
132: Ecclesiasticus: (see 180) translated into Greek by grandson (Septuagint)
130: 1 Maccabees: Greek translation of lost Hebrew original (Septuagint)
130: Pergamum killed in Rome for attempting a Utopian uprising (Sun-city)
128-124-87: Artabanus I - Mithradates II: Parthian kings, control Mesopotamia
125-96: Antiochus VIII Grypus (hook-nosed): Seleucid king of Syria
125?: Additions to Greek Daniel: Prayer of Azariah (after Dn3:23) (Septuagint)
125?: Hipparchus: Greek Astronomer, calc. year length to 7 min. (365.25-1/300)
125?: 1QIsa(a): full Hebrew "Isaiah Scroll" from Qumran Cave 1, MT text-type
[most "Dead Sea Scrolls" are of MT text-type and verify its antiquity]
120-63: Mithradates VI Eupator: b.133, king of Pontus (Asia Minor)
120: 2 Maccabees: Greek based on earlier lost Greek original (Septuagint)
120: Polybius: b.203?, Greek historian, Loeb Classics has 6 volumes
116-107,88-81: Ptolemy IX Lathyrus (chickpea): Roman influence in region
114: Zhang Qian: (Chang Ch'ien), Chinese explorer, tours India-Parthia-Greece
107-88: Ptolemy X Alexander I: displaced Ptolemy IX then overthrown
107,104-100: Marius: consul of Rome
105: Jugurtha king of Numidia Africa defeated by Marius and Sulla of Rome
105: first College of Technology in Alexandria, founded by mathematician Heron
104: Judah Aristobulus I: High Priest and King of Jerusalem, was a brute ...
103-76: Alexander Jannaeus: High Priest and King of Jerusalem, was cruel ...
102-99: 2nd Servile War: unsuccessful slave uprising in Sicily against Rome
100-0: period of Classical Latin literature such as Cicero (43)
100: Ossuaries (stone bone boxes) with Greek inscriptions appear in Jerusalem
100: tomb of Goliath family linked to Temple Priesthood, inscriptions in Greek
100?: most of the Jewish Scriptures available in Greek translation(s?)
100?: Additions to Greek Daniel: c.13: Bel & Dragon c.14: Susanna (Septuagint)
100?: Enoch: 8 Aramaic manuscripts found at Qumran Cave 4 (Ethiopic Bible)
100?: Jubilees: 10 Hebrew manuscripts at Qumran Caves 1,2,4 (Ethiopic Bible)
100?: Papyrus R801: Greek Leviticus 26:2-16 found at Qumran Cave 4
100?: Papyrus R805: Greek Exodus 28:4-7 found at Qumran Cave 7
100?: Wisdom (of Solomon); 1 Esdras (LXX:Esdras A, Vg:3 Esdras); 1 Baruch;
Prayer of Manasseh (cf. 2Chr33:1-19); all written in Greek (Septuagint)
100?: "Letter of Aristeas": describes Septuagint (282-246) translation of
Torah by 72 Jerusalem Temple delegates, 6 from each of the 12 tribes, in
72 days, for Library of Alexandria, etc.; mythical?
95-83: Antiochus X Eusebus (pious): Seleucid king of Syria
95-56: Tigranes II the Great: Armenian king, conquered Mesop. & Syria till 69
90-88: Social War: Italian revolt against Rome, Italians granted citzenship
90: Vitruvius: Roman architect & engineer, wrote: "de Architectura"; Loeb: 2v
90: Sima Qian: (Ssu-ma Ch'ien), b.145, Chinese historian: "Shiju" (Shih Chi)
88-84: 1st Mithradatic War: Mithradates of Pontus (Asia Minor) beat by Sulla
88-87: Civil War in Rome: Sulla takes control
87-84: Cinna and Marius seize control of Rome when Sulla in Pontus, purges ...
86: Sulla of Rome sacks Athens for revolting during 1st Mithradatic War
83: Roman Temple of Jupiter burned, original Roman Sibylline (Crone
Prophetess) Oracles destroyed, temple rebuilt in 76
83-78: Sulla regains control of Rome, rules as "dictator for life", purges ...
83-81: 2nd Mithradatic War: Sulla continues attack after false peace treaty
82: Alexander Polyhistor of Miletus writes a history of the Jews in Greek
80: Ptolemy XI: ap. by Sulla;married former Queen;murdered her;murdered by mob
80-58,55-51: Ptolemy XII Auletus (piper): hated;expelled;restored by Gabinius
80-72: Roman general Sertorius leads Spanish revolt, crushed by Pompey
78: Esther: translated into Greek in Jerusalem (Septuagint)
76-67: Salome Alexandra: Queen of Jerusalem, last ~independent Judean ruler
75-67: Hyrcanus II: High Priest of Jerusalem, son of Salome Alexandra
75?: Papyrus Fouad 266: R847-8, Greek Dt11,17-33 frag.; square Hebrew Tetragrm
74-63: 3rd Mithradatic War: Romans complete Pontus conquest, annexed to Asia
73-71: 3rd Servile War: Spartacus' slave uprising; crushed by Crassus & Pompey
70: Crassus and Pompey: consuls of Rome
69-64: Antiochus XIII Asiaticus: last king of Seleucid Empire of Syria
67-63: Aristobulus II: High Priest & King of Jerusalem, Hyrcanus II's brother
64-63: Conspiracy of Catiline in Rome against Cicero's consulship
64: Pompey the Great of Rome conquers last of Seleucid Kingdom in Syria
63: Caesar elected Pontifex Maximus (Highest Priest) by Roman Senate
63: Pompey conquers Jerusalem, selects Hyrcanus II over Aristobulus II
63-41: Hyrcanus II: back as High Priest in alliance with Antipater the Idumean
60-53: "First Roman Triumvirate": Caesar-Pompey-Crassus
58-51: Julius Caesar's "Gallic Wars" (modern France), names Britannia (UK)
57-55: Gabinius: Roman proconsul of Syria, split Hasmonean Kingdom (164-63)
into Galilee, Samaria, Judea with five districts of "synhedria"
(G4892:sunedrion:Sanhedrin): Jerusalem/Jericho/Amathus/Sepphoris/?
56-34: Artavazd II: Armenian king, playwright, murdered by Antony & Cleopatra
55: Lucretius: b.99, Roman poet & philosopher, wrote "de Rerum Natura"; (Loeb)
54: erection of new (Julian) forum in Rome
54?: Gaius Valerius Catullus: b.84?, Roman lyric poet, wrote "Carmina"; (Loeb)
53: May: Roman Triumvir Crassus killed during failed invasion of Parthia
51-47: Ptolemy XIII: deposed his sister Queen Cleopatra VII in 49
50?: Psalms of Solomon: Hebrew written in Jerusalem (Septuagint)
50?: Additions to Greek Esther: 1 & after 3:13,4:17,5:2,8:12,10:3 (Septuagint)
50?: Papyrus R802: Greek Lev 2-5 frags, Qumran Cave 4, Greek Tetragramm.: IAO
50?: Papyrus R803: Greek Numbers 3:30-4:14 fragments found at Qumran Cave 4
50?: Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) Sutras of Buddhism written in India
49: Roman Senate, led by Pompey, orders Caesar to disband his armies in Gaul
49: Jan 10: Caesar "crosses the Rubicon" river and invades Italy
49: Mar: Pompey, defeated by Caesar at Brundisium, flees to Greece
48: Jun-Sep: Caesar defeats Pompey @ Pharsalus Greece, pursues Pompey to Egypt
where Pompey murdered, establishes mistress Cleopatra VII as Queen of Egypt
48-44: Gaius Julius Caesar: b.102, Julio-Claudian dynasty, wrote: "Bellum
Gallicum" (Gallic War) in 51, "Bellum civile" (Civil War) in 47; Loeb: 3v.
47-44: Ptolemy XIV: Caesar orders marriage of sister Cleopatra who killed him
47-40: Phasael: governor of Jerusalem, elder son of Antipater the Idumean
47-40: Herod: governor of Galilee, younger son of Antipater the Idumean, earns
a reputation of being tough on Jews, kills Hezekiah without a trial ...
47: Aug: Caesar defeats Pontic army at Zela, Asia Minor, "Veni, vidi, vici"
47: Library of Ptolemy I Soter in Alexandria destroyed by fire
46: Jan-Apr: Caesar's campaigns in North Africa (which becomes Roman province)
46: Julian (Roman) Calendar: 365.25 days with leap year (initial set to solar)
46: Cato the Younger: b.95, Roman Chief Jurist, opposed Caesar;commits suicide
46: Nov: Caesar's campaign against remnant Pompeian forces in Spain
44-31: Ptolemy XV Caesarion (little-Caesar): Caesar's son by Queen Cleopatra
44: Caesar declared "dictator for life" by Roman Senate
44: March 15: "Ides of March", Caesar assassinated by Cassius, Casca, Brutus,
etc., "Et tu Brute?", civil war breaks out, Cassius claims Eastern Empire
43: Roman Senate declares war on Mark Antony, Octavian wins 2 battles at
Mutina, then 2nd Triumvirs agreement till 32: Mark Antony takes East,
Octavian takes Italy, Marcus Lepidus takes Gaul, all enemies are murdered
43: Cicero: b.106, Roman lawyer, orator & politician, 'Classical Latin',
executed by Octavian in 2nd Triumvirs purge; Loeb Classics has 28 volumes
42: Caesar declared God by Roman Senate
40: Mark Antony marries Octavian's sister Octavia to seal Perugia treaty
40: Parthia invades Syria, Herod escapes to Rome, Phasael commits suicide
40-37: Mattathias Antigonus: Hasmonean High Priest and King of Jerusalem
39: Herod appointed king of Judea in Rome by Mark Antony and Octavian Augustus
38: Romans recapture Syria (E. Mediterranean) from Parthians (neo-Persians)
37: July: Herod captures Jerusalem with help of Roman legions
37-4: King Herod the Great of Judea: b.73?, "Massacrer of the Innocents" (4?),
kills Antigonus and all heirs (end of Hasmonean dynasty), Octavian said:
"One would rather be Herod's swine than his son", posed as a champion of
hellenic culture, purely Greek inscriptions used on coins and weights,
Herod's Jerusalem was thoroughly hellenic with Greek theatre and Hippodrome
36: Mark Antony dumps wife Octavia, marries Cleopatra VII the Queen of Egypt
35-33: Octavian conquers Illyria (Dalmatian coast)
34: Sallust: b.86, Roman historian and politician; (Loeb Classics)
32: Octavian has Roman Senate declare war on Mark Antony (Triumvirs canceled)
31-14ce: Octavian Augustus: b.63, 1st Roman emperor, son of Apollo and virgin
31: Sept 2: Octavian & Agrippa defeat fleet of Antony & Cleopatra at Actium
30: Egypt annexed as Roman province, Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide
29: Roman Temple of Divus Julius (Divine Julius) dedicated
28: Oct 9: Roman Temple of Apollo dedicated
27: Jan 13-16: Roman Senate honors Octavian: Imperator Caesar Augustus
27: Roman Pantheon: built by Agrippa (12) to honor all gods of the empire
27: Marcus Terentius Varro: b.116, Roman scholar, "de Lingua Latina"; Loeb: 2v
25: 3 Maccabees: (Ptolemaica), written in Greek in Alexandria (Septuagint)
25: Cornelius Nepos: b.100?, Roman historian; (Loeb Classics)
25?: Papyrus R942: Greek Genesis 7 and 38 fragments
25?: Roman Planetary Week: Saturn/Sun/Moon/Mars/Mercury/Jupiter/Venus
22-19: Augustus tours Eastern Empire to set eastern frontier in order
19-4: Herod rebuilds a hellenized Jewish Temple, includes Roman eagle gate ...
19: Vergil: (Virgil), b.70, Roman Poet: "Aeneid", "Georgics" ... Loeb: 2v
19: Albius Tibullus: b.54?, Roman poet; (Loeb Classics with Catullus)
18: Leges Juliae: Augustus' moral laws, punishes childless and adulterers
15: Agrippa (Herod's personal friend) visits Jewish Temple with sacrifices
15?: Sextus Propertius: b.50?, Roman poet; (Loeb Classics)
12: Augustus elected Pontifex Maximus (Highest Priest) by Roman Senate
12: Roman Temple of Vesta dedicated, maintained by Vestal Virgins
12: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa: b.63, Roman general, Augustus' right hand
10: Herod inaugurates his new city of Caesarea; invades Nabataea (Arabia) in 9
8: Horace: b.65,Roman Poet:Carmina;Epodi;Satirae;Epistulae;Ars Poetica;Loeb 2v
6?: Herod executes Zealots who attempt to remove Roman eagle gate from Temple
4?: "Massacre of the Innocents", Herod executes all infants, mythical? [Mt2]
4-6ce: Herod Archelaus: son of Herod & Malthace (Samaritan), ethnarch of Judea
4-34ce: Philip: son of Herod & Cleopatra, tetrarch of Iturea & Trachonitis
4-39ce: Herod Antipas: son of Herod & Malthace, tetrarch of Galilee & Perea
4: Passover riot in Jerusalem, 1 cohort + ~3,000 Jews killed [JW2.10,JA17.204]
2: Roman Temple of Mars Ultor (Avenger Wargod) dedicated (first erected in 20)
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