18-23: "Red Eyebrows" peasant revolt of China: Wang Mang assassinated 18: Ovid: b.43bce, Roman Poet: Amores, Ars Amatoria, Metamorphoses; Loeb: 6v.
19: Tiberius expels Septuagint missionaries from Rome, but they soon returned 19?: Herod Antipas moves Galilean capital from Sepphoris to his new Tiberias 23-220: Later (Eastern) Han dynasty of China 24?: Strabo: b.63bce, Greek geographer, wrote: "Geographica"; Loeb Classics 8v 25?: Assumption (Testament) of Moses: original Hebrew extant Latin (Apocrypha) 26-36: Pontius Pilate: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) 27-34?: John the Baptist: "15th year of Tiberius" [Lk3:1-2], a Nazirite?
[Lk1:15], arrested and killed by Herod Antipas [Lk3:19-20], {When others too
joined the crowds about him, because they were aroused to the highest degree
by his sermons, Herod became alarmed. Eloquence that had so great an effect
on mankind might lead to some form of sedition, for it looked as if they
would be guided by John in everything that they did. Herod decided therefore
that it would be much better to strike first and be rid of him before his
work led to an uprising, than to wait for an upheaval, get involved in a
difficult situation and see his mistake.} [JA18.5.2, Loeb] 30: Marcus Manilius: b.10bce?, Roman poet, wrote: Astronomica; (Loeb Classics) 30?: Shammai the Elder: founder of Bet Shammai Torah school; "Make your study
of the Torah a matter of established regularity, say little and do much, and
receive all men with a friendly countenance." [Encyc. Judaica: Avot,1,15] 26-36?: Jesus the Nazarene: [Latin=IESVS NAZARENVS;Greek=Iesous ho Nazoraios;
Aramaic=Yeshu Natseraya;Hebrew=Yeshu haNotseri] son of Mary, born 12-4 bce,
bathed in Jordan to remove sin by John the Baptist [Mk1:4-11], {But after
John was handed over to the authorities, Jesus went to Galilee, proclaiming
the good word of God & saying, "The time has come and the kingdom of God is
approaching. Repent & trust in the good word."} -Mk1:14-15(Gaus) || Mt4:12,
17,Lk4:14-15,cf.Jn4:1-3,43-46a; selected 12 apostles: 1. Simon (Greek),
Shim'on (Aramaic), renamed "Rock", Petros (Gk), Kefa' (Ar), "Peter", Bathes-
da fisherman, 1st Pope? (67), surname: bar-Yona (Ar), Jonah's son? [Mt16:17]
or bar-Yochanan (Ar), Johnson? [Jn1:42], also called Satan! [Mk8:33 || Mt16:
23]; 2. James, Iakobos (Gk), Ya'qov (Ar), son of Zebedee and his brother:
3. John, Ioannes (Gk), Yochanan (Ar), both fishermen, was John the disciple
Jesus loved? Gospel of John? only eyewitness recorder? John the Elder? (130)
both renamed Boanerges [Hebrew bne-Regesh?,bne-Rgaz?,angry sons?], "Thunder
Brothers"; 4. Andrew, Andreas (Gk), Peter's brother, Bethesda fisherman,
disciple of John the Baptist [Jn1:35,40]; 5. Philip, Philippos (Gk), from
Bathesda; 6. Bartholomew, Bartholomaios (Gk), [Aramaic bar-Talemai?, from
Ptolemais?]; 7. Matthew, Maththaios (Gk), Matta'i (Ar), a Tax Collector! [Mt
10:3], Gospel of Matthew?; 8. Thomas (Gk), [Aramaic=T'oma'=twin], Gospel of
Thomas? (65), Gnostic?; 9. James son of Alpheus [Syriac=Chalfai];
10. Thaddeus?, Thaddaios (Gk), [Aramaic=Taddai, from Greek Theodotus?], or
Judas son of James? [Lk6:16] or Judas not Iscariot? [Jn14:22] or Lebbeus?
[Aramaic=Libbai?]; 11. Simon the Canaanite? Aramaic=Qan'an=Zealot? [Lk6:15],
from Cana? [Jerome]; 12. Judas Iscariot, Iskarioth(Gk), Hebrew='ish-Qeriyoth
=man from Kerioth? Skariotes from Latin sicarius=assassin? a devil![Jn6:70];
[Mk3:13-19,Mt10:1-4,Lk6:12-16]; denied 3 times by his primary Apostle Simon-
Peter the "Rock", crucified by Roman Prefect Pontius Pilate (26-36) for the
Roman crime of INRI [Latin=IESVS NAZARENVS REX IVDAEORVM=Iudaean King
Nazarene Jesus] [Gospel of Peter4:2 (65-150), Mk15:26 (70?), Mt27:37 (80?),
Lk23:38 (90?), Jn19:19 (100?), Josephus' Jewish Antiquities 18.3.3 (94),
Tacitus Annals 15.44 (117?,64)] on Friday 14 Nisan? [Peter,John,Mk14:2] or
Friday 15 Nisan? [Mk,Mt,Lk] {& at 3 o'clock, Jesus cried out in a loud voice
"Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani," [A='elahi 'elahi lema' shevaqtani; H='eli
'eli lama 'azavtani;Ps22:1] which translates to "My God, my God, why did you
desert me?} -Mk15:34(Gaus) || Mt27:46 cf. Lk23:46, Jn19:30; possible Friday
14 Nisan Crucifixion dates: 7Apr30; 3Apr33; 30Mar36 36-37-41?: Marcellus - Marullus: Roman Prefects of Iudaea 36-37: Jonathan: Jerusalem High Priest, app. by Syrian Legate Vitellius 36?-65?: oral period in Christianity between Jesus & Gospel of Mark, recorded
in Acts: Simon-Peter as leader? (1st Pope?), John, James, Andrew, Philip,
Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, James son of Alpheus, Simon the Zealot, Judas
son of James, Mary the mother of Jesus, Jesus' brothers, sisters, various
women [Ac1:13-14]; only ~120 initial believers? [Ac1:15]; Judas Iscariot
commits "suicide" [Ac1:18-19]; Matthias voted replacement [Ac1:23-26]; 3000
new converts in 1 day? [Ac2:41]; Peter & John jailed for 1 night for causing
riots, converts increase to 5000? [Ac3]; Ananias and Sapphira die under
mysterious circumstances after not giving *all* their possessions [Ac5];
Aramaic [Ac1:19] and Greek [Ac6:1] in use early on; 7 Greeks added to 12
Apostles: Stephen, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, Nicolaus
[Ac6]; initially only 1 "church" (Greek ekklesia:G1577 most likely just an
assembly rather than a formal church), in Jerusalem; Paul of Tarsus, prior
to conversion, has Stephen martyred & the Jerusalem "church" destroyed, the
original Christians disperse throughout Judea & Samaria [Ac8:1ff]; Paul con-
verts to "Apostle to the Gentiles" and main activity of Christianity shifts
from "Jewish-Christians" of Judea and Galilee (Nazarenes & Ebionites) to
"Gentile-Christians" led by Paul & his Patroness [Rm16:2 prostatis] Phoebe;
Nazarenes (nazarenos:Mk1:24,10:47,14:67,16:6;Lk4:34,18:37vl,24:19;Jn18:5(D);
nazoraios:Mk10:47vl;Mt2:23,26:69vl,71;Lk18:37,24:19vl;Jn18:5,7,19:19;Ac2:22,
3:6,4:10,6:14,22:8,24:5,26:9); The Way (hodos:A9:2,18:25-26,19:9,23,24:14,
22); Christians (christianos:Ac11:26,26:28,1Pt4:16) 37-41: Gaius Caligula: b.12, Roman emperor, declared himself God, assassinated 37-44: King "Herod" Agrippa I: Philip & Lysanias' tetrarchies, ap. by Caligula 37: Roman Temple of Divus Augustus (Divine Augustus) dedicated 37?: Paul of Tarsus' conversion (Roman citizen?, tentmaker?) [Gal1:12,16,Ac9] 38: Greek-Jewish riots in Alexandria [Philo: Flaccus 41-54, E-to-G 132-137] 39-40: Greek-Jewish riots in Antioch [Malalas Chronographia 10.315] 39-40: Jewish protest at Ptolemais [JA18.263,JW2.192;Philo E-to-G 222-249] 39: Herod Antipas exiled to Gaul on charges of secret alliance with Parthians 40: Caligula adds Herod Antipas' tetrarchy(Galilee,Perea) to "Herod" Agrippa I 40: Seneca the Elder: Roman rhetor, wrote: Controversiae, Suasoriae; Loeb: 2v 40?: Paul goes to Jerusalem (1st trip?) to meet Peter and James [Gal1:18-20] 40?: 4 Maccabees: written in Greek in Alexandria (Septuagint) 41-54: Claudius: Roman emperor, persecuted Druids, poisoned by wife Agrippina 41-48: King Herod of Chalcis: "Herod" Agrippa I's brother, ap. by Claudius 41: Claudius adds Judea and Samaria to kingdom of "Herod" Agrippa I 44: James brother of John executed by sword by "Herod" Agrippa I [Acts12:1-3] 44-46: C. Cuspius Fadus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, Idumea) 44: Fadus beheads Theudas for parting Jordan (like Exodus) [JA20.97,Ac5:36] 45: C. Julius Phaedrus: b.15bce?, Roman fables; (Loeb Classics) 45: Philo Judaeus of Alexandria: b.30bce, Jewish philosopher and hellenizer,
tried to unify Greek and Hebrew philosophy; Loeb Classics has 12 volumes 45?: Fadus crucifies Jacob and Simon sons of Judah of Gamala (6) [JA20.5.2] 46-48: Tiberius Julius Alexander: Roman Procurator of Iudaea, an apostate Jew 47-59: Ananias ben Nedebaeus: Jerusalem High Priest, app. by Herod of Chalcis 47-48?: Paul and Barnabas on Cyprus [Acts13:4-12] 48-93: Agrippa II: king of Judea, ruled from Chalcis 48-52 and Iturea 52-93 48-62: Pauline Letters: Gl(48-55),1Th(51),Rm(56-58),1Cr(56),2Cr(57),Pp(55-62) 48-52: Ventidius Cumanus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, Idumea) 48-49?: Council of Apostles & Elders: 1st Christian Council?, [Gal2:1-10,Ac15]
also Incident at Antioch [Gal2:11-18] where Paul publicly condemned Peter 49-54: Claudius expels Septuagint missionaries from Rome: {Since the Jews con-
stantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus {{Christ?}}, he ex-
pelled them from Rome.} [Suetonius, de Vita Caesarum, Claudius XXV.4, Loeb] 49-50?: Paul in Corinth, the center of his mission to the Gentiles [Acts18] 50: Passover riot in Jerusalem, 20-30,000 killed [JA20.5.3,JW2.12.1] 50?: Peshitta: translation begun, Hebrew OT->Syriac Aramaic, (Greek NT in 400) 50?: Ascension of Isaiah: original written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible) 50?: Barthelemy Greek Minor Prophets: R943, pb.1953, unknown translation type 50?: Hero of Alexandria invents crude steam engine: "aeolipile" 50?: early Gnostics?: Simon Magus of Samaria, Simonianism [Ac8:9-24,Petrine
Acts,EH2.13,...]; Nicolaus of Antioch, Nicolaitans? [Ac6:5,Rv2:6,15,
EH3.29.1-3,...]; Menander disciple of Simon Magus; Basilides of Alexandria
(d.160?) and Satorninus of Antioch (d.120?) disciples of Menander; ...
52-60?: M. Antonius Felix: Roman Procurator of Iudaea, a Greek freedman 54-68: Nero: b.37, Roman emperor, last of Julio-Claudian dynasty 55?: "Egyptian Prophet": led ~30,000 unarmed Jews in reenactment of Exodus,
tried to liberate Jerusalem, massacred by Felix [Ac21,JW2.261,JA20.169] 57?: Paul's last visit to Jerusalem [Acts21] 58: Ming-Ti: emperor of China, introduces Buddhism to China 58?: Felix crushes Jewish revolt in Caesarea 58?: Paul imprisoned in Caesarea [Acts23:23-26:32]; then Rome [A28:16] in 60?
58-170: 3rd Corinthians: by Paul of Tarsus? original in Greek (Armenian Bible) 59: Nero kills his mother Agrippina
60?-62-64: Porcius Festus - Lucceius Albinus: Roman Procurators of Iudaea 60?: 2nd Thess.: probably itself a forgery, warns of Christian Epistle forgery 62: Jesus son of Ananias proclaims "...a voice against Jerusalem..." [JW6.300] 62: Nero kills his wife Octavia and marries Poppaea Sabina 62: Persius: b.34, Roman Stoic satirist, wrote: "Satirae"; (Loeb Classics) 62?: Paul martyred for treason in Rome? [Col1:24,Eph3:13,2Tm4:6-8,1Clem5:5-7] 62: {Being therefore this kind of person [i.e., a heartless Sadducee], Ananus
{II} thinking that he had a favorable opportunity because Festus had died &
Albinus was still on his way, called a meeting [literally, "sanhedrin"] of
judges and brought into it the brother of Jesus-who-is-called-Messiah, James
by name, and some others. He made the accusation that they had transgressed
the law, and he handed them over to be stoned.} [JA20.9.1,Marginal Jew,p.57] 64: Great Fire of Rome: Nero accused and persecuted the Christians: {Therefore
to squelch the rumor , Nero
created scapegoats and subjected to the most refined tortures those whom the
common people called "Christians," [a group] hated for their abominable
crimes. Their name comes from Christ, who, during the reign of Tiberius, had
been executed by the procurator Pontius Pilate. Suppressed for the moment,
the deadly superstition broke out again, not only in Judea, the land which
originated this evil, but also in the city of Rome, where all sorts of
horrendous and shameful practices from every part of the world converge and
are fervently cultivated.} [Tacitus Annals 15.44;Marginal Jew;Meier;p.89-90] 65-150: Gospel redaction and compilation stage of Christianity, post-Paul,
center of Christianity shifts to Antioch and Rome - "New Babylon" of 1Pt5:13 65?: Q: (German: Quelle=Source), hypothetical Greek text used in Matt & Luke 65-150: Gospel of Peter, Dialogue of the Savior (Complete Gospels) 65-150: Didache: Instructions of the Apostles, pub. 1883 (Apostolic Fathers) 65-150: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1224 fragments: pub. 1914, {When the scholars a[nd
Pharise]es and priests observe[ed hi]m, they were indignant [because he re-
clined in the com]pany of sin[ners]. But Jesus overheard [them
and said,] Those who are we[ll don't need a doctor.]} -5(SV) || Mk2:15-17;
Mt9:10-13;Lk5:29-32 [Ref: The Complete Gospels, 1992, ISBN:0-944344-30-5] 65-150: Gospel of Thomas: based on Q?, pub. 1959, Greek originals: Papyrus
Ox. 1,654-5; {Jesus said, "If your leaders say to you, 'Look, the
imperial rule is in the sky,' then the birds of the sky will precede you. If
they say to you, 'It is in the sea,' then the fish will precede you. Rather,
the imperial rule is within you and it is outside you. When you
know yourselves, then you will be known, and you will understand that you
are children of the living Father. But if you do not know yourselves, then
you live in poverty, and you are the poverty."} -Th3(SV), cf. Mk13:21-23;
Mt24:23-28;Lk17:20-25;Jb28:12-14,20-22(LXX);Bar3:29-32,35-37;Dt30:11-14(LXX)
;Sir1:1-3 {His disciples said to him, "When will the rest for the dead take
place, and when will the new world come?" He said to them, "What you are
looking forward to has come, but you don't know it."} -Th51(SV), cf. Mt11:28
-29;DSav65-68;Sir51:26-27,6:23-31;Lk17:20-21;Mk9:12-13;Mt17:11;2Tm2:17-18
{His disciples said to him, "When will the imperial rule come?"
"It will not come by watching for it. It will not be said, 'Look, here!' or
'Look, there!' Rather, the Father's imperial rule is spread out upon the
earth, and people don't see it."} -Th113(SV) || Lk17:20-21; cf. Mary4:4-5;
Mk13:21;Mt24:23;Lk17:23 [Ref: The Complete Gospels, ISBN:0-944344-30-5] 65-175: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840 fragments: pub. 1908, {In response the savior
said to him: "I feel sorry for the blind who can't see. You bathe in these
stagnant waters where dogs & pigs wallow day & night.} -2:7(SV) cf. Mt7:6;
Jn9:40-41; 2Pt2:22; Rv22:15 [Ref: The Complete Gospels, ISBN:0-944344-30-5] 65-175: Papyrus Egerton 2 (Unknown Gospel) fragments: pub. 1935/87, in Greek
from Palestine, one of the oldest extant Christian texts (~175), {Turning
to the rulers of the people, made this statement: "Pore over the
writings. You imagine that in them there is life to be had. They do
indeed give evidence on my behalf."} -EgerG1:2(SV) || Jn5:39 (Comp. Gospels) 65-250: Papyrus Fayum (P. Vindob. G. 2325) fragments: pub. 1887, {(He said,
after) eating according to custom, "Al[l of you on this] night will fall
away, [according to] scripture: 'I will strike the [shepherd and the] sheep
will be scattered.'" [When] Peter said, "Even if all, [yet not I," (Jesus
said) "Before] the cock crows twice [today three times] you will deny me."}
cf. Mk14:26-31;Mt26:30-35;Lk22:31-34 [Ref: Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1992] 65-350: "Jewish-Christian Gospels": 7 fragments of Gospel of the Ebionites
and 7 fragments of Gospel of the Hebrews in Greek; 36 fragments of Gospel
of the Nazarenes in Aramaic; [Ref: NT Apocrypha, W. Schneemelcher, vol. 1] 64-66: Gessius Florus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, Idumea),
a Greek from Asia Minor, raids Temple setting off Jewish rebellion of 66-73 65: Nero orders suicides of poets Seneca and Lucan: Seneca the Younger: "Dia-
logi", "Naturales quaestiones", Loeb: 11v; Lucan: "Bellum Civile", Loeb: 1v 66-428: Armenian Arsacid dynasty: founded by Trdat the Parthian, appr. by Nero 66-73: Roman-Jewish War: final destruction of Second Temple (Herod's Temple)
{What more than all else incited them [the Jews] to the [1st Roman] war was
an ambiguous oracle ... found in their sacred scriptures, to the effect that
at that time 1 from their country would become ruler of the world. This they
understood to mean someone of their own race, & many of their wise men went
astray in their interpretation of it. The oracle, however, in reality signi-
fied the sovereignty of Vespasian who was proclaimed Emperor on Jewish soil}
[Josephus' JW 6.312-13, Crossan, Who Killed Jesus?, p44, ISBN:0-06-061479-X] 66: Nero enters Olympic Games and wins, frees Greece from Roman administration 66: Cestius Gallus, Roman Legate of Syria, forced to retreat from Iudaea 66: Nero orders suicide of Petronius: Roman courtier, wrote "Satyricon" (Loeb) 67: Roman General Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, b.9) conquers Galilee 67: Peter: 1st Pope?, bishop of Antioch & Rome?, martyred (crucified?)in Rome?
67-78,79-91: Pope Linus (2Tm4:21?) - Pope Anacletus ("blameless?" Titus 1:7?) 68: Qumran (Essenes?) (Dead Sea Scrolls - 1949) community destroyed by Rome 68: Nero commits suicide & resurrects as "Nero redivivus" (Revelation's 666?) 6/68-1/69-4/69-12/69: Galba - Otho - Vitellius: Roman emperors, all assassina.
69-79-81-96: Flavian Dynasty: Vespasian - Titus - Domitian; Colosseum built...
69-79: Vespasian: Roman emperor, quells Rome & Jerusalem unrest, ap. by Senate 69: "Nero redivivus" martyred in Galatia [ABD,Tac.Hist.2.8] 70: July: Roman General Titus conquers Antonia fortress at Jerusalem 70: Aug: Titus, Vespasian's eldest son, conquers Jerusalem, destroys Temple 70-361: special annual tax of 2 drachmas levied on all Jews of the Roman
Empire since Jupiter Capitolinus (God of Rome) had defeated God of Jerusalem
{Besides other taxes, that on the Jews was levied with the utmost rigour,
and those were prosecuted who without publicly acknowledging that faith yet
lived as Jews, as well as those who concealed their origin and did not pay
the tribute levied upon their people. {{These were doubtless Christians,
whom the Romans commonly confounded with the Jews.}} I recall being present
in my youth when the person of a man ninety years old was examined before
the procurator and a very crowded court, to see whether he was circumcised.}
[Suetonius, de Vita Caesarum, Book VII, Domitian, XII.2, Loeb Classics] 70-640: Sanhedrin (High Court) period of Judaism: rise of house of Hillel (9) 70-132: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Jabneh (Jamnia),
begun by Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai to 'perform commandments and teach Torah' 70?: Gospel of Mark: Peter's interpreter? [1Pt5:13], written in Rome?, ends
unexpectedly at Mk16:8, original ending apparently lost, endings added ~400 70?: "Signs Gospel": hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to prove
Jesus is Messiah; [Complete Gospels]: Opening: Jn1:6-7,19-49; in Galilee: Jn
2:1-12a,4:46b-54,21:1-14,6:1-14,15b-25; in Jerusalem: Jn11:1-45,9:1-8,5:2-9;
Culmination: Jn11:47-53,2:14-19,12:37-40; Passion Prelude: Jn12:1-8,12-15;
Passion: Jn18:1-19:42; Resurrection: Jn20:1-22; Closing: Jn20:30-31 71: "The Jewish War": (JW), by Josephus (100?), written in Greek 73: Jewish fortress at Masada falls to Rome, residents commit mass suicide 74?: Publius Annius Florus: Roman historian; (Loeb Classics) 79-81: Titus: Roman emperor, b.39, eldest son of Vespasian 79: Pliny the Elder: b.23, Roman scholar, victim of Mt. Vesuvius eruption on
24 August that destroyed Pompeii & Herculaneum, wrote of Essenes; Loeb: 10v 80: Terentius Maximus of Parthia claims to be "Nero redivivus" [ABD] 80?: Gospel of Matthew: most popular in early church, based on Mark and Q 80?: "Council of Jamnia" said to have canonized Jewish Scripture [discredited] 81-96: Domitian: Roman emperor, youngest son of Vespasian, "Nero redivivus?"
(see 68), b.51, proclaimed himself "Lord & God", stabbed to death by wife...
88: 2nd "Nero redivivus" of Parthia: "Even now his subjects wish he were
alive, and most men believe that he is." [ABD,Dio Chrysostom Or.21.10] 90?: Gospel of Luke: based on Mark & Q, also Acts - same author, style of LXX 90?: Josephus claims 22 Jewish books: 5 Law, 13 History, 4 Hymns [AA1.8] 91-101: Pope Clement I: Phil4:3?, wrote to Corinth in 95: "1 Clement" (AF)
{...Clement's Bible is the Old Testament, to which he refers repeatedly as
Scripture (graphe), quoting it with more or less exactness. Clement also
makes occasional reference to certain words of Jesus; though they are
authoritative for him, he does not appear to enquire how their authenticity
is ensured. In two of the three instances that he speaks of remembering 'the
words' of Christ or of the Lord Jesus, it seems that he has a written record
in mind, but he does not call it a 'gospel'. He knows several of Paul's
epistles, and values them highly for their content; the same can be said of
the Epistle to the Hebrews, with which he is well acquainted. Although these
writings obviously possess for Clement considerable significance, he never
refers to them as authoritative 'Scripture'.} [Canon NT,Metzger,p.43] 94: "Jewish Antiquities": by Josephus in Aramaic, trans. to Greek, Testimonium
Flavianum: {At this time there appeared Jesus, a wise man. For he was a doer
of startling deeds, a teacher of people who receive the truth with pleasure.
And he gained a following both among many Jews and among many of Greek ori-
gin. And when Pilate, because of an accusation made by the leading men among
us, condemned him to the cross, those who had loved him previously did not
cease to do so. And up until this very day the tribe of Christians (named
after him) has not died out.} [JA18.3.3 Meier redaction, Marginal Jew, p.61] 95?: Quintilian: b.35?, Roman rhetor, wrote: "Institutio oratoria"; Loeb: 4 v.
96-98: Nerva: (Marcus Cocceius Nerva), Roman emperor, b.35?, law reform ...
96?: Statius: b.40?, Roman poet, wrote: Silvae, Thebais, Achilleis; Loeb: 2v.
98-117: Trajan: Roman emperor, selected by Nerva, empire reaches maximum size;
Roman Arch (semicircle) Aqueduct at Segovia, Spain; Dacia & Arabia annexed
in 106; Armenia annexed: 114-162; Mesopotamia annexed: 114-115 ...
100?: Gospel of John: only eyewitness? the disciple Jesus loved? Gnostic? ...
100?: Odes of Solomon: Gnostic?, Greek or Syriac?, ref by John? (Apocrypha) 100?: Epistle of Barnabas: Christian exegesis of LXX (AF = Apostolic Fathers) 100?: 2 Clement: an old sermon but not by Clement (AF = Apostolic Fathers) 100?: 2 Esdras (Vg:4 Esdras): v14:45 claims 24 Jewish books (Vulgate,Peshitta) 100?: Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch in Syriac; 3 Baruch in Greek) (Peshitta) 100?: Paralipomena of Jeremiah: (4 Baruch), written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible) 100?: Masoretes at Tiberias compile Masora (MT), standard Jewish Scriptures 100?: Apollonius of Tyana: neo-Pythagorean, raised dead, pred. Domitian's end 100?: Testaments 12 Patriarchs:Hebrew-Aramaic frags @Qumran1,4(Armenian Bible) 100?: Epistle to the Laodiceans: [cf.Col4:16] ??? (Vulgate Fuldensis, see 546) 100?: Flavius Josephus: b.37?, Jewish general, turncoat, historian, hellenist:
71: JW=Jewish War; 90?: AA=Against Apion; 94: JA=Jewish Antiquities; 10 Loeb 100-150: Secret Book (Apocryphon) of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Infancy
Gospels of Thomas and James, Secret Gospel (of Mark) (Complete Gospels) 101-109-116-125-136: Popes Evaristus - Alexander - Sixtus I - Telesphorus 104?: Martial: b.40?, Roman epigrammist; Loeb Classics has 2 volumes 105?: Ts'ai Lun: of China invents paper, monopoly held till 751 110?: Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians: written by Polycarp (160) (AF) 110?: Ignatius: bishop of Antioch, martyred in Rome, letters subject to heavy
Christian forgery, advocated bishop: "careful not to oppose the bishop, in
order that we may be obedient to God. ... regard the bishop as the Lord him-
self." [IEph5-6]; "godly bishop ... presiding in the place of God ... Lord
did nothing without the Father, ... so you must not do anything without the
bishop ... be subject to the bishop ... as Jesus Christ in the flesh was to
the Father," [IMag2,6-7,13]; "subject to the bishop as to Jesus Christ, ...
respect the bishop, who is a model of the Father," [ITr2-3]; "follow the
bishop, as Jesus Christ followed the Father, ... one who honors the bishop
has been honored by God;" [ISmy8-9] (Apostolic Fathers) 113?: Pliny the Younger: b.62?, Roman consul, recorded Christians as "singing
hymns to Christ as to a god" <... Christo quasi deo> [Letter 10.96]; Loeb:2v 114: Lucius Apuleius: Roman satirist: The Golden Ass, Metamorphoses; Loeb: 3v.
115-117: Trajan's Jewish Revolt: Procurator Lucius Quietus provokes Kitos War
in Jerusalem, spreads to Libya, Cyrenaica, Egypt, Cyprus, Mesopotamia, ends
Roman eastward expansion, Parthia restored, Egyptian Jewry declines ...
115: Lucian: Gk satirist: Passing of Peregrinus (satire of Christians); Loeb8v 117-137: Hadrian: b.76, Roman emperor, quelled unrest, wall across Britain 117?: Publius Cornelius Tacitus: b.55?, Roman historian: "Annals" Loeb: 5 v.
120?: Plutarch: b.46?, Greek historian, wrote 200+: "Parallel Lives"; Loeb:27v 125?: Papyrus 52: oldest extant NT fragment, p.1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38 125?: Shepherd of Hermas: written in Rome (AF = Apostolic Fathers) 126?: Quadratus: bishop of Athens [ANF = Ante-Nicene Fathers, Eerdmans, v.8] 130-200: "Christian Apologists" writings against Roman Paganism by: Justin
Martyr (165), Athenagoras (177), Aristides (145?), Theophilus of Antioch
(181), Tatian (172), Quadratus (126?), Melito of Sardis (177), Apolli-
naris of Hierapolis (180?), also Epistle to Diognetus in Apostolic Fathers 130?: "Gospel of Basilides": a 24 book commentary?, Gnostic?, lost 130?: Papias: bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, wrote: "Expositions of
the Sayings of the Lord", lost, widely quoted, see Eusebius (340) (AF) 130?: Aquila of Pontus: Roman convert to Christianity then to Judaism, student
of Rabban Gamaliel, compiled literal Greek OT translation in Jabneh (Jamnia) 132-135: Bar Kokhba Revolt: Hadrian tried to build Jupiter Capitolinus temple
on Jerusalem temple ruins starting final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem
erased from maps, southern Syria renamed "Palaestina" (coined by Herodotus) 135: R. Akiva ben Joseph of Judea: b.50?, executed by the Romans for teaching
Torah in public after revolt, flesh was torn from his body with iron combs,
coined "thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" as 1st principle of Torah 138-161: Antoninus Pius: (Aurelius Fulvus), Roman emperor, selected by Hadrian 138-165: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Usha, Galilee 138-142-155-166: Pope Hyginus - Pope Pius I - Pope Anicetus 140: Juvenal: b.60?, greatest Roman Satirist; (Loeb Classics with Persius) 140?: Apocalypse of Peter: written in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2] 140?: Suetonius: b.70, Roman historian: "de Vita Caesarum"; Loeb Classics: 2v 140?: Marcion of Pontus: first Radical Paulinist?, inspired by Lk5:36, claimed
Jesus rejected "Law and Prophets" (OT), claimed to have recovered lost
original Gospel from Luke, promoted Canon of heavily edited Gospel of Luke
and 10 Pauline Letters and his own "Antitheses"; "Western" Gospel text-type 145: Roman Temple of Divus Hadrianus (Divine Hadrian) dedicated 149: Hsu Shen: writes Shou wen chieh tzu: Chinese dictionary of 10,516 symbols 150?: Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria: Greek astronomer, "Geocentric"; (Loeb) 150?: Gospel of the Egyptians: Coptic translation of orig. Greek (Nag Hammadi) 150?: Nagarjuna founds Madhyamika (Mahayana Buddhism) school in India 150?: "Teachings of Silvanus": Gnostic; v99.13: Christ has a single
hypostasis [hidden spiritual reality]; v102.3: Christ is incomprehensible
with respect to his hypostasis (Nag Hammadi) 150?: "Western Reviser" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce "Western"
version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 & Codex Bezae (D)
{Who it was that was responsible for the additional information concerning
the apostolic age or where it came from is entirely unknown. According to F.
G. Kenyon, "What one would like to suppose (but for which there is no exter-
nal evidence), is that one of St. Paul's companions transcribed Luke's book
[Acts] (perhaps after the author's death), and inserted details of which he
had personal knowledge, & made other alterations in accordance with his own
taste in a matter on which he was entitled to regard himself as having auth-
ority equal to that of Luke."} [Textual Comm., Metzger, p272, 3-438-06010-8] 150?: Papyrus Chester Beatty 6: R963, Greek Num 5:12-36:13, Deut 1:20-34:12 155?: Montanus: of Pepuza, Phrygia; claimed to be Paraclete of John 14:16 160?: Polycarp: bishop of Smyrna, martyred at age 86: "Let. to Philip." (110) 160?: Martyrdom of Polycarp: in Greek (Apostolic Fathers, ISBN:0-8010-5676-4) 161-180: Marcus Aurelius: b.121, Roman emperor, selected by Pius, Stoic philo-
sopher, wrote "Meditationes" in Greek & "Letters" in Latin (Loeb); Parthia
invades Armenia: 162; Great Plague: 164-180; Boucholoi Revolt of Egyptian
Delta: 172; Revolt of Syrian Governor Cassius: 175; German Revolt: 178-188 165-180: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Shefaram, Galilee 165: Justin Martyr: b.114?, Roman Platonist convert to Christianity, martyred,
wrote: 1-2Apology, Dialogue with Trypho a Jew [ANF=Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.1] 165?: Gellius: b.123?, Roman writer, wrote: "Attic Nights"; Loeb Classics: 3v 166-174: Pope Soter: moved "Easter" from Biblical Nisan 14 to following SUNday 170: Christian Council of Asia Minor: against Montanus & his Montanist sect 170: Dionysius: bishop of Corinth, claims Christians were changing and faking
his own letters just as they had changed the Gospels [EH4.23.12;ANF,v.8] 170?: Symmachus: an Ebionite, writes an entirely new Greek OT translation 170?: Alogi: Asia Minor Christian sect, rejected Hippolytus' "Logos" doctrine?
(see 217-235), rejected Gospel of John & Revelations [Epiphanius,Heresies51] 172: Tatian the Assyrian, b.110, Gnostic?, student of Justin Martyr, founded
Encratite sect of Antioch, wrote: Address to Greeks [ANF,v.2], used "Law
and Prophets" but rejected Acts and Pauline Letters [EH4.29.5], Diatessaron
(Harmony) [ANF,v.10] blend of 4 "Western" text-type Gospels into 1: {[the
mother of the sons of Zebed]ee (Mt27:56) & Salome (Mk15:40) & the wives [of
those who] had followed him from [Galile]e to see the crucified(Lk23:49b-c).
And [the da]y was Preparation; the Sabbath was daw[ning] (Lk23:54). And when
it was evening (Mt27:57), on the Prep[aration], that is, the day before the
Sabbath (Mk25:42), [there came] up a man (Mt27:57), be[ing] a member of the
council (Lk23:50), from Arimathea (Mt27:57), a c[i]ty of [Jude]a (Lk23:51),
by name Jo[seph](Mt27:57), good & ri[ghteous] (Lk23:50), being a disciple of
Jesus, but se[cret]ly, for fear of the [Jew]s(Jn19:38). And he (Mt27:57) was
looking for [the] k[ingdom] of God(Lk23:51b). This man [had] not [con]sented
to [their] p[urpose] (Lk23:51a)} {#0212} [Text NT,Metzger,0-19-507297-9,p90] 174-189: Pope Eleutherius
175?: Acts of Paul: (inc. 3 Cor.), in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2] 175?: Valentinus: b.100?, founder of Gnostic Valentinian School of Rome,
taught secret wisdom from Paul [Rm16:25,1Cor2:7] from his disciple Theudas,
wrote: "On the 3 Natures", quoted in Pseudo-Anthimus: God is 3 hypostases
[hidden spiritual realities] & 3 prosopa [persons]: Father, Son, Holy Spirit 177: Athenagoras: Athenian philosopher convert to Christianity [ANF,v.2] 177: Melito: bishop of Sardis [ANF = Ante-Nicene Fathers, Eerdmans, v.8] 178: Celsus writes "True Discourse", a pro-Pagan/anti-Christian polemic, lost 180-192: Commodus: Roman emperor, b.161, son of Aurelius, strangled to death 180-210: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Beth-shearim 180: Theophilus: bishop of Caesarea [ANF = Ante-Nicene Fathers, Eerdmans, v.8] 180: Gaius: b.110?, Roman jurist, wrote: "Institutiones": summary of Roman Law 180?: Apollinaris: bishop of Hierapolis [ANF=Ante-Nicene Fathers, v.8] 180?: Minucius Felix: Roman Christian lawyer, wrote: "Octavius" [ANF,v.4] 181: Theophilus: bishop of Antioch, pagan convert to Christianity [ANF,v.2] 184-204: Yellow Turban Rebellion of China: contributed to final Han overthrow 189-198: Pope Victor I: first Latin Pope, called Council of 190 to determine
"official" new date of "Easter" but failed, excommunicated Eastern churches
that continued to observe "Easter" on Nisan 14 "Quartodeciman" (Passover) 190?: Serapion: bishop of Antioch, disputes Gospel of Peter (65-150) [EH6.12] 190?: Heracleon: disciple of Gnostic Valentinus, first commentary on Gospel of
John (cited by Origen & Clement), wrote: "Tripartite Tractate" (Nag Hammadi) 193: Jan - Mar - Jun: Pertinax - Didius Julianus: Roman emperors, assassinated 193-211: Septimius Severus: emperor of Rome, b.146, persecuted Christians ...
196: Polycrates: bishop of Ephesus, supported Quartodecimans in "Easter"
controversy v. Pope Victor (190) [ANF = Ante-Nicene Fathers, Eerdmans, v.8] 198-217: Pope Zephyrinus; also 1st antipope Natalius? [Ecc. Hist. 5.28.8-12] ::::::::::::::
ce2
::::::::::::::
[200-640ce (conversion era): last revision: 14Sep95 lines: 517] 200?: Theodotion: Greek convert to Judaism, makes revision of LXX (Septuagint) 200?: Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8 200?: Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15;5:20-22,25-28;26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33 200?: Sahidic Coptic cop(sa) Bible translations written in Alexandria 200?: Hypostasis [hidden spiritual reality] of the Archons (Nag Hammadi) 200?: Valentinian Exposition: 24.23: Son is hypostasis of Father (Nag Hammadi) 200?: Corpus Hermeticum: Alexandrian quasi-Neo-Platonism [ISBN:0-87773-338-4] 200?: Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types: Jn
1:1-6:11,35-7:52;8:12-14:26,29-30;15:2-26;16:2-4,6-7,10-20:20,22-23,25-21:9 200?: Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14-15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus;
Lk3:18-22,33-4:2,34-5:10,37-6:4,10-7:32,35-39,41-43,46-9:2,4-17:15,19-18:18;
22:4-24:53; Jn1:1-7:52;8:12-11:45,48-57;12:3-13:1,8-9;14:8-30;15:7-8 200?: Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, "Alexandrian" text-type: Rm5:17-6:3,5-14
;8:15-25,27-35,37-9:32;10:1-11:22,24-33,35-15:9,11-16:27;Hb1:1-9:16,18-10:20
,22-30,32-13:25;1Cr1:1-9:2,4-14:14,16-15:15,17-16:22;2Cr1:1-11:10,12-21,23-
13:13;Ep1:1-2:7,10-5:6,8-6:6,8,20-24;Gl1:1-8,10-2:9,12-21;3:2-29;4:2-18,20-5
:17,20-6:8,10-18;Ph1:1,5-15,17-28,30-2:12,14-27,29-3:8,10-21;4:2-12,14-23;Cl
1:1-2,5-13,16-24,27-2:19,23-3:11,13-24;4:3-12,16-18;1Th1:1,9-2:3;5:5-9,23-28 201?: Claudius Galen: b.130?, Greek Anatomist: On the Natural Faculties (Loeb) 202?: Irenaeus: bishop of Lyons, supports Quartodecimans in Easter controversy
against Pope Victor in 190, wrote "Against Heresies" in Greek (lost), extant
Latin; "... they have apostatized in their opinions from Him who is God, and
imagined that they have themselves discovered more than the apostles, by
finding out another god; & that the apostles preached the Gospel still some-
what under the influence of Jewish opinions, but that they themselves are
purer, and more intelligent, than the apostles." [AH3.12.12,ANF,v.1] 210-240: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Sepphoris Galilee 211: Feb: Geta: emperor of Rome, son of Severus, murdered by brother Caracalla 211-217: Caracalla: emperor of Rome, b.188, ruthless brute, assassinated 212: "Civis Romanus sum!": Roman citizenship for all free men of the empire 217-222-230-236: Pope Callistus I - Pope Urban I - Pope Pontian 217-235: antipope Saint Hippolytus: bishop of Rome, "Logos" sect [ANF,v.5] 217: April 8 - May 16: Macrinus: emperor of Rome, murdered by Heliogabalus 217: Judah Ha-Nasi: b.135?, "Rabbi", codified Mishnah (220?) 217: Gaius: (Caius) presbyter of Rome, anti-Montanist, wrote "Dialogue against
Proclus", rejected Gospel of John, Hebrews, Rev. [Canon NT, Metzger; ANFv.5] 217: Clement: bishop of Alexandria, b.153, pagan philosopher convert, cites
Alexandrian NT text-type & Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians,
wrote: "Exhortations", "Paedagogus", "Stromata" (Loeb Classics) [ANF,v.2] 218-222: Heliogabalus: (Elagabalus), emperor of Rome, b.204, boy priest
promoted Syrian sun-god Elagabal & meteorite brought to Rome, assassinated 220-589: Six Dynasties period of China: capital Nanjing 220-264: Three Kingdoms period of China: Wu, Wei, Shu Han 220: Goths invade Asia Minor and Balkans 220?: Mishnah: Torah teachings, Halakhah (Oral Law), Hillel/Akiva/Meir/Judah 222-235: Alexander Severus: emperor of Rome, halted Christian persecutions 223?: Tertullian: convert to Montanism(155?) in 207, cites rumor Jesus son of
prostitute [Spectaculis 30.6], coined "New Testament", advocated exclusion
of women from priesthood, wrote: Father, Son, Holy Spirit are 1 substantia
yet 3 persona, cites "Western" text-type; wrote in Latin (Loeb) [ANF,v.3,4] 225?: Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty, Gospels (Caesarean), Acts (Alexandrian):
Mt20:24-32;21:13-19;25:41-26:39; Mk4:36-40;5:15-26,38-6:3,16-25,36-50;7:3-15
,25-8:1,10-26,34-9:9,18-31;11:27-12:1,5-8,13-19,24-28; Lk6:31-41,45-7:7;9:26
-41,45-10:1,6-22,26-11:1,6-25,28-46,50-12:12,18-37,42-13:1,6-24,29-14:10,17-
33; Jn10:7-25,30-11:10,18-36,42-57; Ac4:27-36;5:10-21,30-39;6:7-7:2,10-21,32
-41,52-8:1,14-25,34-9:6,16-27,35-10:2,10-23,31-41;11:2-14,24-12:5,13-22;13:6
-16,25-36,46-14:3,15-23;15:2-7,19-27,38-16:4,15-21,32-40;17:9-17 225?: Papyrus 967: Chester Beatty 9, Greek Ezekiel 11:25-end, ~Codex Vaticanus 226-241: Ardashir I: Persian emperor, founded Sasanian Empire of Persia (till
640), conquered Mesopotamia in 230, Zoroastrianism state religion ...
230-258: Council of Rome: Bishop Demetrius of Alexandria condemns Origen (253) 236-237-250,251-253: Pope Anterus - Pope Fabian - Pope Cornelius 236-238: Maximinus: Roman emperor, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting
Pope Pontian and antipope Saint Hippolytus to Sardinia where they soon die 238: Mar-Jul 9: Gordian I - Gordian II - Balbinus - Pupienus; emperors of Rome 238-244: Gordian III: emperor of Rome at age 13, assassinated 240-640: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Tiberias, Galilee 240-258: Council of Carthage: early Christian council 240?: Commodianus: Early Christian Church Father [ANF=Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.4] 241-272: Shapur I: Persian emperor, captured AsiaMinor, Syria; Valerian in 260 244-249: Philip the Arabian: emperor of Rome, defeated & killed by Decius 248: Rome celebrates 1,000th anniversary (753bce) 248: Origen: (253) writes "Contra Celsum", against Celsus' lost work of 178,
cites a rumor recorded by Celsus: "Jesus fabricated the account of his birth
from a virgin. In reality, Jesus' mother was driven out by the carpenter
husband to whom she was betrothed because she had committed adultery with
a [Roman] soldier named Panthera [thus the ben Pantere of Jewish sources].
Left poor and homeless, she gave birth to Jesus in secret. Jesus later spent
time in Egypt, where he hired himself out as a laborer, learned magic, and
so came to claim the title of god." [CC1.28-32, Marginal Jew, Meier, p.223] 249-251: Decius: emperor of Rome, large-scale persecution of Christians 250?: Diophantus of Alexandria: wrote first book on algebra: "Arithmetica" 250?: Mandeans: followers of John the Baptist, begin compilation of "Ginza" 250?: Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity
of Mary; 3Cor; Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover;
Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18; 250?: Papyrus Chester Beatty: #5:R962: Gn8:13-9:2,24:13-46:33,Enoch91-105;
#7: I8:18-19:13,38:14-45:5,54:1-60:22; #8: Jr4:30-5:24;
#10: Dn1-12:13(+Add),Bel4-39,Sus5-end,Esther1:1a-8:6(+Add) 250-400: Tosefta: supplements to the Mishnah (220?) 250-350: Apostolic Constitutions of Orthodox Christianity: #2.36 (p.413):
Thou shalt observe the Sabbath, on account of Him who ceased from His work
of creation, but ceased not from His work of providence: it is a rest for
meditation of the law, not for idleness of the hands. #6.19 (p.458): For He
nowhere has dissolved the law, as Simon pretends, but fulfilled it;
for He says: [Mt5:18,17]. #7.23 (p.469): But keep the Sabbath, & the Lord's
day festival; because the former is the memorial of the creation, and the
latter of the resurrection. But there is one only Sabbath to be observed by
you in the whole year, which is that of our Lord's burial, on which men
ought to keep a fast, but not a festival. Approved at Orthodox Synod of
Trullo in 692 [Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.7,Eerdmans] 251-258: antipope Novatian: no forgiveness for sins after baptism [ANF,v.5] 251-253-253: Gallus - Aemilianus: emperors of Rome, both assassinated 253-260: Valerian: emperor of Rome, notorious persecutor of Christians 253-254-257-258: Pope Lucius I - Pope Stephen I - Pope Sixtus II 253: Origen: b.185?, used Greek Gnostic term "homoousios" [Jesus & God of
"same substance"]; God is 1 genus of ousia [substance] yet 3 distinct
species of hypostases [hidden spiritual realities?] of Father, Son, Holy
Spirit; compiled "Hexapla": 6 versions of Jewish Scriptures side by side:
Hebrew MT, Hebrew transliterated into Greek, Aquila's Greek translation,
Symmachus' Greek translation, Origen's revised LXX, Theodotion's revised
LXX; also Quinta/Sexta/Septima translations; Tetragrammaton in square
Hebrew script; cites "Alexandrian" & "Caesarean" NT text-types; [ANF,v.4,10]
According to Eusebius [EH6.8.1-3] Origen castrated himself for Christ due
to Mt19:12 and disputed authenticity of Pauline Letters {Paul ... did not
so much as write to all the churches that he taught; and even to those to
which he wrote he sent but a few lines.} [EH6.25.7(Loeb)] 257: Visigoths and Ostrogoths invade Black Sea area, Franks invade Spain 258: Cyprian: bishop of Carthage, pagan convert, cites "Western" NT text-type,
claims Christians are freely forging his letters to discredit him [ANF,v.5] 258: Valerian's Massacre: executes Pope Sixtus II, antipope Novatian, Bishop
Cyprian of Carthage, and all other Christian Bishops, Priests, and Deacons 260-268: Gallienus: emperor of Rome, reverses Valerian, restores Roman Church 260-268,269-274,275-283-296: Popes Dionysius - Felix I - Eutychian - Gaius 264-268: Council of Antioch: condemned Paul of Samosata: bishop of Antioch and
founder of Adoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his
baptism); also condemned use of Gnostic term "homoousios" (see 325) 265-316: Western Jin period of China: China reunited, compass invented in 271 265: Dionysius the Great: bishop of Alexandria, b.200? [ANF,v.6] 268: Goths sack Athens, Sparta, Corinth ...
268-270-270: Claudius II - Quintillus: emperors of Rome 270-275: Aurelian: emperor of Rome, restitutor orbis, vigorously promoted Sol
Invictus sun-god (continued by Probus & early Constantine) & festival dies
natalis Solis Invicti (birthday of Invincible Sun) on Dec 25, made Sol the
official religion & principle patron of the empire, assassinated; {Besides,
the Sol Invictus had been adopted by the Christians in a Christian sense, as
demonstrated in the Christ as Apollo-Helios in a musoleum (c.250) discovered
beneath St. Peter's in the Vatican.} [New Catholic Encyclopedia, v.4, p.227] 270: Plotinus: b.205, Egyptian philosopher, founds Neo-Platonism, Doctrine of
3 Primal Hypostases: One [To Hen], Mind [Nous], Soul [Psyche]; yet the One
transcends hypostasis, is prior to hypostasis & beyond being; Loeb:7v(Greek) 274: Dec 25: Roman Temple of Sol Invictus: sun-god, dedicated by Aurelian 275?: Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rv9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-17:2 276-293-302-309: Bahram II - Narses - Hormizd II: Persian emperors, decline 276: Tacitus: emperor of Rome, dies at Tyana, Florian next, killed at Tarsus 276-282-283: Marcus Aurelius Probus - Marcus Aurelius Carus; emperors of Rome 277: Mani: b.216, crucified?, founder of Manichaean Christian sect in Persia 280: Anatolius of Alexandria: bishop of Laodicea, b.230 [ANF,v.6] 283: Carinus: Western Roman emperor; Numerian: Eastern Roman emperor 284: Diocletian: (Diocles), Eastern Roman emperor, defeats and kills Carinus 285-305: Diocletian: emperor of Rome, notorious persecutor of Christians, in
286 divides empire into West & East, in 293 each divided into 2 admin. units 285: Pappus of Alex. describes 5 machines: cogwheel/lever/pulley/screw/wedge 294: Codex Gregorianus: a compilation of Roman law 296-304: Pope Marcellinus: apostate, offered pagan sacrifice for Diocletian 300?: Bohairic Coptic cop(bo) Bible translations written in Alexandria 300?: Hesychius of Alex.: martyr, translates Hebrew OT to Greek, lost [Jerome] 300?: Kama Sutra: doctrine of sacred sex by Vatsayan Mallagana of Benares 300?: Katayayana: a compilation of Indian law 300?: Paris Magical Papyrus: a compilation of writings on magic in Greek 300?: Papyrus Berlin Codex of Greek Genesis; Papyrus Bodmer 24 of Greek
Psalms; Codex Freer of Greek Minor Prophets; all published in 1927 300?: other 3rd century NT witnesses: P1:Mt1:1-9,12,14-20 P4:Lk1:58-59,62-2:1,
6-7;3:8-4:2,29-32,34-35;5:3-8,30-6:16 P5:Jn1:23-31,33-40;16:14-30;20:11-17,