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antinomianism
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Excerpt from Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1992, ISBN:0-385-19351-3, v. 1, *Antinomianism* by Robert W. Hall, p.263:

The conviction that believers are freed from the demands of God's law by depending upon God's grace for their salvation (thus anti "against + nomos "law"). Although the word "antinomian" is not found in Scripture, Scripture's own history tells of the struggle to maintain a balance between law and grace - between an appreciation of God's merciful and unconditional response toward God's people on the one hand, and their obliged and obedient response to God's law on the other. Believers, who emphasize the unconditional promises that God makes when covenanting with His people, but then downplay what God expects of His people, tend toward an antinomistic faith.
  The OT does not speak of an antinomistic threat to Israel's covenant with God. It does, however, speak of two different covenant traditions, sometimes placing them in tension (Hillers 1969; Brueggemann 1979): the Davidic tradition which emphasizes God's unconditional commitment to Israel, and the Mosaic which emphasizes Israel's obligations to its God.
When Israel understood itself primarily in Davidic terms, as God's prophets were inclined to point out, it was inclined to depreciate God's Torah both as gospel and as demand.
  Earliest Christianity's antinomistic struggles are clearly envisioned by the NT (Wall 1987). Paul battled legalistic religion by emphasizing the importance of what God does through Christ to fulfill the promise of salvation. According to Paul's "theo-logic," moral righteousness is the anticipated outcome of God's justification of those who depend upon Christ's death and resurrection rather than works in keeping with the Law (Torah). Such faith places the redeemed community "in Christ" - a place where God's spirit can now lead God's people to ethical fruit (Gal 5:16-25), and where the "righteousness of God" has now released them from the obligation to obey Torah as a condition of covenant blessings (Rom 7:1-8:17; cf. 2 Cor 5:21). This moral calculus, which clearly subordinates ethical concerns to theological convictions, led some of his converts to lawlessness (1 Cor) and his opponents to accuse him of a disregard for ethical conduct (Rom 3:1-8).
  In response, Paul clarified that God's grace brings liberty from sin and not liberty to sin (Rom 6:1-11). However, the antinomian trajectory, first sounded within some gnostic communions of the 1st and 2nd centuries (e.g. Valentinians) with continuing echoes in some charismatic communions today, finds most of its biblical warrants from Paul (and to a lesser extent from John, who always refers to nomos in a pejorative way). Thus, one must look to the non Pauline corpus for Scripture's own built-in corrective. The writer of Hebrews reminds the reader that salvation itself is jeopardized if the demand of the gospel is forsaken (5:11-6:8). James speaks of the eschatological banishment (2:12-13) of the "worthless religion" (1:26) which confesses right faith but fails to obey God's law of mercy (2:14-26); eschatological Israel is justified by works, not by sola fide (2:24). 2 Peter condemns a Pauline group for promising moral freedom (2:19) when virtue is what saves (1:5-11).
Finally, 1 John was no doubt written against gnosticizing Christian teachers who claimed to have a sinless nature (1:10) and so lived without sin (1:8). According to 1 John, to act upon their moral claims would yield a life of "lawlessness" - an indifference to Christ's death (2:1-2) and to sin, and thus to God's law of love (3:4-15).
  While the synoptic evangelists depict Jesus as a Torah-observant Jew (Moo 1984), Luke's emphasis is on the risen Jesus, who viewed the Law primarily as God's promise, not His demand (Wilson 1983) - an antinomistic disposition. Matthew's emphasis, on the other hand, is on a scribal Jesus who viewed obedience to his rigorist interpretation of Torah as necessary for salvation (5:17-20). Further, the evangelist's use of the word group anomia/anomos polemicizes against antinomians in his own church (Barth 1963).
  Thus, these self-correcting, canonical "conversations" call the Church from the margins of the gospel to its center, where both God's grace and God's demand are found.
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[10,000-601bce (before conversion era):   last revision:  8Apr95   lines: 286] 10,000: Neolithic Age: domestication of plants/animals/earth/humans, in Meso-
  potamia/SE Asia/Mexico, Ice Age glaciers retreat, Mediterranean climate (dry
  summer) develops in Med/Cali/SW Aus/Chile/S Af, deserts appear in subtropics 8000: Copper Age: begins in Middle East, hybrid wheats develop 7000: Jericho first walled (30hectares=74acres) & tower built with flint tools
  first rain agricultural and herding villages appear in Subartu (Assyria) 6000: Ubaid period: villages appear in Akkad/Uri & Sumer/Kiengir (Babylonia) 5000: copper extracted from ores in Persia & Afghanistan; agriculture in China 4500-3500: Uruk period: 1st cities in Sumer: Eridu (12h), Ur (10h), Uruk (70h) 4000: Bronze Age: begins in Middle East; earliest Sumerian writing on clay,
  white pottery in Egypt, multi-colored ceramics in Central Asia and China 3761: Oct 7: year 1 of Jewish calendar: year of creation (1a.m.= 1 anno mundi) 3600: Troy I: (Hisarlik, Turkey) founded 3500: temples: Al Ubaid & Janna @Eridu, White @Uruk; Mes-Kalam-Dug tomb nr. Ur 3400: earliest Egyptian hieroglyphic writing 3114: Aug 13: zero (origin) in Mayan calender [G-M-T] 3100-2500: period of Archaic Sumerian Cuneiform literature 3100-2890: 1st Dynasty: Menes(Narmer?) unites Egypt, founds Memphis, mythical?
3000-2500: Semites invade Subartu (Assyria); Phoenicians at Tyre/Sidon/Byblos;
  1st settlements @Crete; European Danubian culture; Pepi's papyrus: "Instruc-
  tions to a Son"; early astronomy in Egypt/Sumer/India/China; Sumerian base 
  6 & 12 numbers, metal coins, city states: Kish/Uruk/Ur/Sippar/Akshak/Larak/
  Nippur/Adab/Umma/Lagash/Bad-tibira/Larsa; wheel-horse-chariot in cent. Asia 2900: Fuxi (Fu Hsi): 1st Chinese ruler, mythical?, taught domestication ...
2800: Etana of Kish unites Sumerian city-states after "Great Flood", mythical?
2700-2200: Old Kingdom of Egypt: age of the pyramids 2650: Pharaoh Zoser: minister Imhotep built 1st step pyramid, at Saqqara, 61m 2630-2600: Men-barage-si: king of Kish(Kishi), disarmed Elam on eastern border 2613-2589: Pharaoh Snefru: built first true pyramid at Dashur, conquered Sinai 2600: Gilgamesh: king of Uruk, "built the walls", Epic of Gilgamesh (see 1200) 2589-2566: Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops): built Great Pyramid at Giza, 137m tall 2558-2533: Pharaoh Khafre: 2nd great pyramid and Great Sphinx at Giza 2500-1500: Indus valley civilization in India: Mohenjo-daro, Harappa ...
2500-2000: Egypt: libraries, Isis/Osiris resurrection cult, Ra sun god temple
  at Heliopolis, 12-month/365-day calendar without solar/lunar adjust; Minoan
  Crete: snake/bull cult; Akkad/Sumer: mapped, Ishtar/Inanna cult, lunisolar
  12-month calendar of alternating 29/30 days each beginning on new crescent
  plus annual adjust to solar; China: painted and black pottery, 5-tone music
  scale, equinox & solstice calculated, lunisolar calendar; cotton in Peru 2500-2300: Classical Sumerian Cuneiform literature: largely records of Lagash 2500-2300: Yao period of China
2500: Pharaoh Menkaure: built 3rd and last great pyramid at Giza 2494-2465: Ur-Nanshe: king of Lagash, border fights with Umma 2480-2461: Mes-Ane-pada: king of Ur, also "king of Kish" = controlled Sumer?
2466-2455: Akurgal: king of Lagash, son of Ur-Nanshe, lost ground to Umma 2454-2425-2405: Eannatum - Enannatum: kings of Lagash, sons of Akurgal 2450-1850: period of Early Akkadian (Akkade) Cuneiform literature 2421-2410-2401: Elulu - Balulu: kings of Ur 2404-2375: Entemena: king of Lagash, dug irrigation canal to Tigris river ...
2400-2391: Shagkush-anna: king of Ur, "Priest King of Sumer, King of Nation" 2400-2391: Gish-Shag-ki-dug: king of Umma 2380-2361: Lugal-kinishe-dudu: king of Umma, controlled Ur&Uruk, Lagash treaty 2351-2340: Uru-inim-gina: (Uru-Ka-gina), king of Lagash, reforms, early law?
2350: town of Ai destroyed and abandoned (Hebrew 'ay:H5857 implies 'a ruin') 2340-2316: Lugal-zage-si: king of Umma, sacked Lagash, "King of the Countries" 2340-2315: Sargon: king of Akkad, conquered Sumer, "King of the Four Quarters" 2315-2307: Rimush: king of Akkad, reign of terror, raided Elam, assassinated 2306-2292: Manishtusu: king of Akkad, lost southern Sumer, assassinated 2300-2000: New Sumerian Cuneiform: Akkadian (Semitic) becomes dominant 2300-2205: Shun period of China
2300: Enheduana: h. priestess of Ur, d. of Sargon, 1st named author, wr. hymns 2291-2255: Naram-Suen: king of Akkad, Sumer & Elam, "The Mighty One", deified 2217-2193: Shar-kali-sharri: king of Akkad, lost Elam, raided Gutium, assassi.
2205-1767: Xia (Hsia) dynasty of China: founder: Yu the Great, Erlitou palace?
2200: Troy II: sacked in Great Fire, ~80x80m, rich walled coastal trade town 2189-2169-2154: Dudu - Shu-Turul: kings of Akkad, controlled Sumer, decline 2155-2142: Ur-Baba: king of Lagash
2148-2147: La'arab: king of Gutium, conquered Akkad from east, raided Sumer 2141-2122: Gudea: king of Lagash, "Cylinders of Gudea", son-in-law of Ur-Baba 2133-2113: Utu-hegal: king of Uruk, defeated foreign Gutium dynasty in 2130 2112-2095: Ur-Nammu: king of Ur, "Laws of Ur-Nammu": first extant law code 2094-2047: Shulgi: king of Ur, son of Ur-Nammu, northwest wall against Dedanum 2046-2038-2029: Amar-suena - Shu-Suen: kings of Ur, sons of Shulgi, Mardu wall 2028-2004: Ibbi-Suen: king of Ur, son of Shu-Suen, invasions, crop failures...
2000-600: first of seven periods of Chinese literature 2040-1786: Middle Kingdom of Egypt: founded by Nebhepetre Mentuhotep of Thebes 2000-1500: Egypt: 24 sign alphabet, 24 hours/day, sun/star/water clocks, Edwin
  Smith Papyrus of medicine & surgery, "Story of Sinuhe", "Book of the Dead",
  knotted ropes of 3-4-5 triangle; Babylon Marduk cult & Zodiac signs; Semitic
  alphabet; Palace of Mycenae; Palace of Minos @Cnossus Crete & base10 numbers
  with Linear-A script; King Cecrops of Attica Greece; India: polished marble
  water dam & 4 basic elements of earth-air-fire-water; Stonehenge 2000: horse riders invade from central Asia: Scythians, Centaurs, Satyrs ...
1934-1924: Laws of Lipit-Ishtar of Sumer 1926-1897: Pharaoh Amenemhet II: mines in Nubia and Sinai, contact with Crete 1900-1595: Amorites (Mardu) rule Akkad and Sumer (North and South Babylonia) 1900: Laws of Eshnunna of Babylonia
1897-1878: Pharaoh Sesostris II: Fayyumic depression converted to farm land 1878-1849: Pharaoh Sesostris III: invades Canaan, fortifies Nile 2nd cataract 1822-1763: Rim-Sin: king of Larsa, Sumer; conquered by Hammurapi 1813-1781-1741: Shamshi-Adad I - Ishme-Dagan I: kings of Assyria, Amorites 1792-1750: Hammurapi of Babylon: king of united Babylonia (Akkad & Sumer) 1758: Laws of Hammurapi: king of Babylonia, includes fees for eye surgery ...
1749-1712: Samsuiluna: king of Babylonia, battles with Kassites, Sealand ...
1655-1570: Egypt defeated and ruled by Semitic Hyksos "Shepherd Kings" 1650?: Hattusilis I: king of the Hittites, foundation of Hittite Empire 1595: Mursilis I the Hittite sacks Babylon ending Hammurapi (Amorite) dynasty 1595-1157: Kassites (mountain peoples?) rule Babylonia (Akkad and Sumer) 1570-1085: New Kingdom of Egypt: Ahmose I of Thebes frees Egypt from Hyksos 1554-1045: China united in Shang dynasty of 28-29 kings of Yellow River plain 1525-1510: Telipinus: king of the Hittites 1504-1450: Pharaoh Thutmose III: conquers and annexes Canaan, Syria, Sudan 1500-700: Vedic period of Indian Sanskrit lit.: "Rig-Veda", Aryan Invasion 1500-1000: Enuma Elish creation epic of Babylonia; Egypt: Cleopatra's Needle
  obelisk, water flow meter in tomb of Amenhotep III; China: silk, magic-
  squares/permutations/right-triangle-formulas, sun height in relation to
  incline of polar axis, 1st dictionary: Erh ya; Phoenicians mine tin for
  bronze in England; Hittite library has tablets in 8 languages; Laws of the
  Hittites; Kikkuli of Mitanni writes on horsemanship; Phrygians leave Thrace
  for Asia Minor; Dorians conquer Peloponnesus; Greek script Linear-B at
  Cnossus; height of Mycenaean culture; mural in Thebes of female musicians;
  Corinth founded; Ethiopian independence; Mexico: Olmec culture: Chiapa de
  Carzo, Sun Pyramid at Teotihuacan; Peru: Chavin culture 1500: Iron Age: by Hittites near Black Sea, "metal from heaven": meteorites 1500: Medes and Persians invade Iranian plateau 1500?: Parattarna: 1st king of Mitanni, @Washukanni between Hittites & Assyria 1480-1450: Idrimi: king of Alalakh (Tell Atshanah IV on Orontes), Syria 1450-1425: Pharaoh Amenhotep II: 3 Asian (Canaan & Syria) military campaigns 1425-1417: Pharaoh Thutmose IV: "Conqueror of Haru (Canaan & Syria)", & Nubia 1417-1379: Pharaoh Amenhotep III: height of empire, Babylonian correspondence 14th: Ugarit (Ras Shamra, Syria): 30-sign alphabet using cuneiform on clay 1390-1355: Tushratta: king of Mitanni (Hanigalbat,Hurrian,Horites), assassina.
1379-1362: Amarna period of Egypt: Pharaoh Akhenaton, first Monotheist?, Queen
  Nefertiti (Smenkhare?), "Hymns to Aton", Ps118:22-23?, 'realism' in art ...
1375-1334: Suppiluliumas I: king of the Hittites, height of Hittite Empire 1374-1360-1333: Kadashman-Enlil - Burnaburiash II: Babylonian kings 1363-1328: Ashur-uballit I: king of Assyria, foundation of Assyrian Empire 1361-1352: Pharaoh Tutankhamen: Akhenaton's Monotheism is rejected ...
1334-1306: Mursilis II: Hittite king, empire reached Aegean Sea? Syria? ...
1332-1308: Kurigalzu II: Babylonian king, campaigns against Elam & Assyria 1308-1290: Pharaoh Seti I: conquered Libya, Canaan campaigns to check Hittites 1306-1282: Muwatallis: Hittite king, fought with Egypt for control of Syria 1300: Lion Gate of Mycenae built, ancient site of Jericho abandoned (quakes?) 1300?: 1st wave of Hebrew Canaan invasion from Kadesh-barnea by Joshua [Nm33] 1290-1224: Pharaoh Ramses II: period of Hebrew (Egyptian: 'aperu?) Exodus?
1288: Battle of Kadesh: Egypt v. Hittites, Hittites advance south to Damascus 1273-1244-1207: Shalmaneser I - Tukulti-Ninurta I: Assyrian kings,found Nimrud 1269: peace treaty between Ramses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III the Hittite,
  Egyptian bases at Damascus and Sumur on coast, Hittites just north in Syria 1250-1200: Lachish, Kirjath-sepher/Debir, Eglon, Hazor, Bethel destroyed 1250: Troy VI: sacked (Homer's Trojan War? Earthquakes? Sea Peoples? ...) 1250?: 2nd wave of Hebrew Canaan invasion from Kadesh-barnea by Leah [Nm21:21] 1250?: Lachish Bowl: 7 letters of proto-Canaanite left to right writing, 1935 1234: Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria sacks Babylon, takes golden Marduk god 1224-1214: Pharaoh Merneptah: plunders Canaan, defeats Askelon, captures Gezer
  annihilates Yaro'am (town just south of Lake Galilee): "Israel [male gender,
  a tribe not a land] is laid waste and his seed is not.", earliest known
  reference to Israel [Unauthorized Version, R.L. Fox, 1991, p.225-226] 1219: Sea Peoples: attack Egypt; Libyan,Shardana,Lukka,Teresh,Shekelesh,Ekwesh 1214-1198: period of anarchy in Egypt, perhaps invasions from north? Jg3:3-10?
1200-1180: Wu Ding: Shang king of China 1200: Gilgamesh Epic: 12 tablets compiled in Uruk by Sin-liqiunninni (see2600) 1200: Hittite Empire mysteriously disappears (Sea Peoples? ...?) 1200: camel domesticated by fully nomadic Arabian Desert tribes (Bedouin) 1200?: Phoencian alphabet of 22 consonants 1198-1167: Pharaoh Ramses III: last of the great Egyptian kings 1183: Sea Peoples: attack Ramses in Canaan; ... Tjeker,Denyen,Peleset,Weshesh 1180: Troy VIIa: sacked (Sea Peoples? ...) [walled area ~2x Troy II] 1157: Elam conquers Babylonia, ends Kassite dynasty, takes golden Marduk god 1150?: Wen Wang: king of Zhou (western) China, "Count of the West", I Ching?
1125-1104: Nebuchadnezzar I: Babylonian king, reclaims Marduk idol from Elam 1125?: Battle of Deborah: Israel v. Canaan, key battle for Hebrews [Judg4,5] 1122-771: Zhou (Chou) dynasty of China: western at Hao, eastern at Luoyi 1114-1076: Tiglath-pileser I: Assyrian king, conquers Babylonia but prevented
  from taking Syria by Arameans who control and occupy Syria at this time 1100?: Izbet Sartah Abecedary potsherd: Old Hebrew alphabet left to right;1974 1050?: Philistines: Peleset Sea Peoples?, settled in Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod,
  Gath and Ekron; defeat Hebrews in Battle of Aphek; Shiloh sacked [1S4 ...] 1006-1004: Saul: first king of Israel, defeated by Philistines [1S11:15 ...] 1004-965: David: king of united Israel, capital/fortress Jerusalem, Ark of 
  Covenant, gains control of "King's Highway" trade route from Damascus to
  Edom, trades with Phoenicians at Tyre and Sidon, quells internal revolts ...
1000-586: first period (Classical) of Hebrew literature in Old Hebrew alphabet 1000: Troy VIIb2: Thracian settlement, site abandoned? (rebuilt as Ilion ~700) 1000?: King Ahiram of Byblos Sarcophagus Inscription: Phoenician alphabet 10th: Ionians exiled from Greece to Asia Minor where they found 12 cities inc.
  Miletus & Ephesus, Greek alphabet, Temple of Hera in Olympia; Hebrew alpha-
  bet: Song of Deborah [Jdg5], Song of Miriam [Exo15:1-18], Song of Songs 1st
  lit.; India: steel, 360 day year with solar adj.; China: Beijing founded,
  script fully developed (Chou wen), brush and ink painting, math textbook 965-928: Solomon: king of Israel, Jerusalem Temple, "Ten Commandments", height
  of culture, reign of peace, controls Via Maris (Sea Road) trade route along
  Philistian coast, leading trade state between Egypt & Asia Minor, marries
  Pharaoh's daughter, spice trade with Queen of Sheba, sea route from
  Ezion-geber on Red Sea to Ophir Africa, mines ...
945-745: 22nd Dynasty of Egypt: Libyan Dynasty, founded by Sheshonk I at Tanis 945-924: Pharaoh Sheshonk I: Libyan, harbors Jeroboam, seeds split [1K11:40] 934-912-891: Ashur-dan II - Adad-nerari II: Assyrian kings, wars with Syria 928: united Israel splits into Israel and Judah; Ammon, Moab, Edom independent 928-907: Jeroboam I: king of Israel (Northern Kingdom, 10 tribes) [1K11-14...] 928-917: Rehoboam I: king of Judah (Southern Kingdom, 2 tribes:Judah,Benjamin) 925: Sheshonk I (Shishak) sacks 150 cities of Israel & Judah, Jerusalem spared
  after Rehoboam pays tribute of Temple & Palace treasures[1K14:25,2Chr12:2-9] 917-908: Abijam: king of Judah, son of Rehoboam, campaigns against Israel 908-867: Asa: king of Judah, son of Abijam [1K14:31-15:24,1Chr3:10,2Chr13-16] 907-906: Nadab: king of Israel, son of Jeroboam [1K14:20,15:25-31] 906-883: Baasha ben Ahijah: king of Israel, kills entire Jeroboam family 9th: Babylonian Akkadian Cuneiform becomes common language of Mediterranean 890-884-859: Tukulti-Ninurta II - Ashurnasirpal II: Assyrian kings;Syrian wars 883: Ben-hadad I king of Damascus sacks Israel for Asa of Judah [1K15:17-20] 882-871: Omri: king of Israel, allies with Judah & Tyre, founds Samaria in 879 880-844: Aramu: (Arame, Aram) king of united Urartu (Armenia) 879-842: Ben-hadad II: king of Damascus (Syria, Aram), murdered by Hazael 871-852: Ahab: king of Israel, son of Omri, regains King's Highway, marries
  king of Tyre's daughter Jezebel bringing cult of Melqart & temple to Samaria 858-824-811: Shalmaneser III - Shamshi-Adad V: Assyrian kings 853: Battle of Qarqar: Assyria v. Syrian alliance which includes Ahab and wins 851-842: Jehoram: king of Israel, son of Ahab [2K1:17,3:1;5-9,2Chr22:5-6] 850: Mesha Victory Stele: stone in Old Hebrew, records victory (attributed to
  Chemosh god) of king Mesha of Moab against kings Omri & Ahab, 1868 [cf. 2K3] 850?: Homer: Greek Epic Poet, pseudonym?, "Iliad and Odyssey"; Loeb: 4 vols.
849,848,845: Assyria continues campaigns agaist Syrian alliance 842-796?: Hazael: king of Damascus; takes Ammon, Moab, Edom in 814 ...
842-815: Jehu: king of Israel, with Elisha kills Jehoram,Jezebel,Ahaziah,all
  Ahab's offspring & followers & destroys Melqart temple in Samaria [2K9-12] 814-800: Jehoahaz: king of Israel, son of Jehu [2K10:35,13:1-9] 814: Elissa and Pygmalion of Tyre found Carthage (mythical?) 810-783: Adad-nerara III: king of Assyria, sacks Damascus in 796 [2K13:5] 800-500: Dharma-sutra period of Indian Sanskrit literature: "Upanishads" 800-784: Joash: king of Israel, sacks Jerusalem, raids Temple in 785 8th: Greeks settle on Spanish coast, found Messina & Syracuse in Sicily, High
  Priestess of Thebes, Apollo worshiped at Delphi, Spartan Laws of Lycurgus,
  Laws of Minos of Cnossus; Babylonian 5 and 7 tone scales, Egyptian fable:
  "Battle of Head & Belly"; Syria adopts Aramaic; Chinese perfect precision
  bronze casting, "Shih ching" (Book of Odes) is 305 poems of 1751-770 period 798-769: Amaziah: king of Judah, regains Edom, looses war v Israel [2K14:7-22] 785-760: Argishti I: king of Urartu (Armenia), founded Erevan in 782 784-733: Uzziah: prince-regent then king of Judah, son of Amaziah [2K15:1-7,
  2Chr26:1-3], Yahwist (J) source of Genesis-Numbers (Mosaic Law) written 784-748: Jeroboam II: son of Joash, last important ruler of Israel [2K14:23],
  Elowist (E) source of Genesis-Exodus (Mosaic Law); Hosea,Amos,Micah written 776: first recorded Olympic Games, perhaps as early as 1350, women excluded 775: Sept 6: solar eclipse recorded in China 771-221: Eastern Zhou (Chou) dynasty of China 763: June 15: solar eclipse recorded in Ashur, Assyria 753: Romulus founds Rome: son of Mars, brother of Remus, raised by she-wolf,
  mythical?, year 1 in 10-month solar calendar (a.u.c. = anno urbis conditae) 747-734: Nabu-nasir: Babylonian king, astrology, "Babylonian Chronicle" begun 744-727: Tiglath-pileser III: Assyrian king, conquered Babylonia, dominant
  power, captured Damascus in 732, transforms Syria into Assyrian province ...
730-700: Hesiod: Greek poet, 1st Greek lit. on origins of gods: "Theogony",
  also "Works & Days", "Shield of Heracles", names the 9 Muses: (Clio:history,
  Euterpe:music, Thalia:comedy, Melpomene:tragedy, Terpsichore:dance, Erato:
  elegy, Polyhymnia:lyric-poetry, Ourania: astronomy, Calliope:eloquence) Loeb 728-675-653: Deioces - Phraortes: Median kings of Iran, at Ecbatana, mythical?
727-698: Hezekiah: king of Judah, son of Ahaz, Siloam Inscription in Old Heb-
  rew alphabet in Jerusalem water tunnel ~705 [2K16:20;18-20,1Chr3:13,4:39...] 727-722: Shalmaneser V: king of Assyria, son of Tiglath-pileser III, captured
  Samaria and Israel in 722, expelled Jews, new nation of Samerina [2K17:3-6] 721-705: Sargon II: Assyrian king, recaptures Babylonia, Syria, Samaria 721-710,703: Merodach-baladan II: Babylonian king, Chaldean, allied with Elam 715-672: Numa Pompilius: 2nd king of Rome, adds Jan & Feb to Romulus' calendar 712-663: 25th Dynasty of Egypt: Ethiopian (Nubian) Dynasty, founded by Shabaka 704-681: Sennacherib: Assyrian king, sacked Jerusalem in 701, Babylon in 689 700-200: second period of Chinese literature 7th: 1st Isaiah (1-39) written; Greek: Apollo/Dionysus cult, 1st Doric columns
  in Peloponnesus, 1st Ionic columns on Samos, Acropolis; Babylon's Marduk
  Temple (Tower of Babel?); China: "I ching" (Book of Changes): 'yin-yang',
  "Shu ching" (Book of History) covers 3000-630; Aramaic common language of
  Middle East; Murabba'at Palimpsest oldest extant Hebrew papyrus 690-638: Manassseh: king of Judah, sacrificed his son to Molech ... [2K21:2-7] 685-546: Lydia: Mermnad dynasty founded by Gyges, electrum (gold-silver) coins 685-645: Rusa II: king of Urartu (Armenia), castle Karmir-Blur, decline ...
689-663: Pharaoh Taharka: Ethiopian, aided Jerusalem in revolt against Assyria 683: Athens abolishes hereditary kingship, instead Archons serve one year term 680-669: Esarhaddon: Assyrian king, son of Sennacherib, defeated Taharka in
  Philistia in 679, conquered Nile Delta region in 671, Assyrian held till 649 668-627: Ashurbanipal: Assyrian king, sacks Babylon in 648 after 4year revolt,
  height of empire, golden age of divination, library of 22,000 clay tablets 667-648: Shamash-shuma-ukin: Babylonian king, brother of Ashurbanipal 663-343: Late period of Egypt
650: Sappho of Lesbos: Greek poetess; (Loeb Classics with Alcaeus) 648: April 6: solar eclipse recorded by Floruit of Archilochus 638-609: Josiah: king of Judah, institutes reforms, Deuteronomy (2nd Mosaic
  Law) found in Temple in 621, Book of Kings written [1K13,2K22-23,2Ch34-35] 625-605: Nabopolassar: Babylonian king, Chaldean, founder of Chaldean dynasty 625-585: Cyaxares: Median king of western Iran, drove out Scythian invaders 621: Draco of Athens: writes "Draconian Laws", death for most offenses 616-509: Etruscans of northern Italy invade and rule Rome as Tarquin Kings 614: Medes of western Iran sack city of Ashur, Assyria 612: Ninevah destroyed by Babylonians and Medes, end of Assyrian Empire 609-593: Pharaoh Necho II: regains Syro-Palestine, starts Nile/Red Sea canal 609: Necho II dethrones Jehoahaz of Judah, installs Jehoiakim as king [2K23] 605: Battle of Carchemish: Nebuchadnezzar II defeats Necho II on Euphrates 604-562: Nebuchadnezzar II: Babylonian king, Chaldean, son of Nabopolassar ::::::::::::::
bce2
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[600-1bce (before conversion era):        last revision: 16Aug95   lines: 490] 6th: Axis Era (Confucius, Lao Tzu, Buddha, Pythagoras,Deutero-Isaiah,Jeremiah,
  Ezekiel, Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) ...) called the zenith of human wisdom and
  achievement, Babylonians develop 19-year cycle lunisolar calendar (~2hr/19yr
  deviation from solar), Mayan civilization in Mexico, oldest extant Latin,
  Fables of Aesop, theatre arts begin in Delphi, Age of 7 Wise Men of Greece:
  Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Solon, Cleobulus, Periander, Chilo; height of oracle
  at Delphi and its priestess, Athens builds public libraries, Hecatompedon,
  Temple of Olympian Zeus; Mahavira Jina (Vardhamana) founds Jainism, Shwe
  Dagon Pagoda of Burma, Temple of Artemis @Ephesus, European La Tene culture,
  Temple of Apollo at Corinth, Temple of Ceres at Paestum, Romans begin
  building with semicircle arched ceilings adopted from Etruscans, T. Priscus
  builds 1st Roman stone bridge, first record of circumnavigation of Africa,
  by Phoenicians for Pharaoh Necho, took 3 years 600-559: Cambyses I: Persian king (eastern Iran), father of Cyrus II 598: Nebuchadnezzar II dethrones Jehoiachin of Judah, installs king Zedekiah 590: Zedekiah of Judah revolts against Babylonia with Egyptian assistance 587: Lachish Letters: ostraca, classical Hebrew on 21 potsherds, 1935/38 586: Judah, Jerusalem, Temple fall to Babylonia; Jews, Scrolls, Temple goods
  exiled to Babylon; Temple destroyed; Jeremiah flees to Egypt & dies [2K25] 586-538: Jewish Babylonian Captivity: ended by Persian conquest of Babylonia 585-550: Astyages: last Median king (western Iran), overthrown by Cyrus II 580: Heraion: Greek temple of Hera the Queen of Heaven on island of Samos 575?: Priestly (P) source of Genesis-Numbers (Mosaic Law) written in Babylon 575?: first appearance of Athenian coins 568: Nebuchadnezzar II invades Egypt, apparently failed 562-560-556: Amel-Marduk - Nergal-shar-Usur: Babylonian kings 561: Solon: b.640, Athenian statesman, "Laws of Solon", repealed Draconian Law
  except for homicide; Loeb: "Parallel Lives, v1, Solon" by Plutarch (120ce) 560?: Deuteronomist (D) source of Joshua to Kings written in Babylon 559-529: Cyrus II the Great: founded Persian Achaemenid Empire, pony express,
  conquered Lydia in 546, Babylon in 539, advocated freedom of religion ...
555-539: Nabonidus: Babylonian king, Chaldean, promoted moon-god Sin of Harran 553?: Zarathushtra: b.630?, Persian Dualism (Good/Evil ...), Zoroastrianism 552-543: Bel-shar-usur: (Belshazzar), acting regent of Babylonia while father
  Nabonidus in Tema, Arabia (in exile? worshipping Arabian moon-god? ...) 547: Anaximander of Miletus: b.611, Greek philosopher, 1st Greek sundial?
546: Thales of Miletus: b.636, Greek philosopher, water is primary substance,
  1st known accurate prediction of solar eclipse in Europe: 28May585; (Loeb) 538-167: 2nd period of Hebrew literature: Aramaisms, square script adopted 538-530: Cyrus grants Temple rebuilding to Sheshbazzar & Zerubbabel, Ez1:1f in
  Hebrew, Ez6:3f in Babylonian Aramaic, work halted during Cambyses II reign 531?: Lao-tzu:b.604?,571?,pseudonym?,Li Er?,Chinese philosopher,"Tao Te Ching" 530: 2nd Isaiah (40-55) written in Babylon by Deutero-Isaiah, proclaims Cyrus
  as Jewish Messiah because of his decree to rebuild Temple [I44:25-45:4] 529-522: Cambyses II: Persian emperor, son of Cyrus II, conquered Egypt in 525 526: Anaximenes of Miletus: b.586, Greek philosopher, air is primary substance 522-486: Darius I: Persian emperor, founded Persepolis, extended empire to 20
  satrapies (provinces), conquered India's Punjab in 517-509, Thrace in 512 521: Buddha goes to the holy city Benares, India; first sermon in deer park 515: 2nd Jerusalem Temple construction completed during Darius I reign [Ez6] 509-27: Roman Republic: founded when Tarquin Kings were expelled after rape
  of Lucrece, 2 consuls elected yearly, Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 508: Cleisthenes: introduces sweeping democratic reforms in Athens 507: unsuccessful attempt by Sparta to oust Cleisthenes & restore aristocracy 507: Pythagoras: b.582, Greek mathematician, numbers are primary substance 500-200: Classical period of Chinese Philosophy 500-200: Dharmasastra (or smrti) period of Indian Sanskrit lit.: "Sutras" 500-300: Classical Greek: Attic Greek of Athens becomes standard Greek 500: Susrata: Indian surgeon performs cataract operations 500?: Parmenides: Greek philosopher, founded Eleaticism at Elea, Italy:
  "motion & change are illusions, only immovable & immutable Being is real" 499-479: Greece's "Persian Wars": Persia fails to conquer Greece 498: Temple of Saturn in Rome
494: Plebeians (Plebs) revolt in Rome: tribunate formed with Concilium Plebis 490: Aug 12: Battle of Marathon: ~26 miles from Athens, Greeks defeat Persians 486-465: Xerses I: Persian emperor, halts Babylonian revolt and melts their
  golden Marduk god in 482, sacks Athens in 480, decline, assassinated 483: Heracleitus: b.544, Greek philosopher of Ephesus: "permanence is illusion
  and constant change is only reality"; coined "Logos" (Word) as 3-fold:
  order creator; order sustainer; rationality expressed as written language 483?: Buddha: Siddhartha Gautama, b.563?, Indian philosopher, Buddhism 480-380: height of Greek drama at Athens 479: K'ung Fu-tzu: Kung Ch'iu, Confucius, b.551, Chinese philosopher, founder
  of Confucianism, sayings recorded in "Lun-yu" (Analects), coined "Tao" (Way)
  Golden Rule: "What you do not like done to yourself, do not do to others" 478: Delian League: formed by Athens against Persians, rebuilds city walls 468?: Aristides the Just: b.530?, Athenian statesman and general; (Loeb) 465-425-424-405: Artaxerxes I - Xerxes II - Darius II: Persian emperors 464: democracy in Syracuse, Sparta damaged by earthquakes 462-429: Pericles: b.495, democratic leader of Athens, Athenian golden age 460-404: Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, end of Athenian power 460: Athens captures Memphis, Egypt; held to ~454 457: "Long Walls" built at Athens
456: Aeschylus: b.525, Greek "Father of Tragedy", introduced second actor,
  scenery & costumes to Athenian theatre, wrote: Suppliant Maidens; Persians;
  Prometheus; 7 Against Thebes; Agamemnon; Libation Bearers; Eumenides; 2 Loeb 453-221: "Warring States" period of China: Zhou/Jin/Wei/Han/Zhao/Chu/Yan/Qi 451: "5-year truce" between Athens and Sparta 451: 3 Roman senators sent to Athens to study "Laws of Solon" (560) 450: Decemvirs codify Roman Law: "XII Tables"; Loeb: "Remains of Old Latin" v3 450?: Torah: (Mosaic Law), compiled from E,J,P,D sources in Babylon 450?: Diagoras of Melos: first Greek Atheist?, "Ho Atheos" (The Atheist) 450?: Celts invade British Isles
450?: Papyrus Elephantine: in Aramaic, Jewish military colony in Egypt on Nile
  island of Yeb, Yahu (YHW) god temple (destroyed in 410), also Eshem ('SM)
  god and Anath ('NT) goddess, also Bethel (BYT'L) and Herem gods, ... 1907/8 448: Treaty of Callias: Persia supports Athens against Sparta 447: construction begins of Athenian Classical Temples on the Acropolis 446: "30-year truce" between Athens and Sparta 445: Nehemiah comes from Babylon to aid Temple rebuilding at Jerusalem [Nh1-6] 443: Pindar: b.522?, Greek lyric poet (Loeb Classics) 432: Greek mathematician Meton adopts 19-year cycle lunisolar calendar 431: August 3: solar eclipse recorded in Greece [Thucydides 2.28.2] 431: Temple of Apollo in Rome
430: Book of Ruth written
428: Samaritans build temple at Mount Gerizim in Samaria 425: Herodotus: b.484?, Greek "Father of History", Loeb Classics has 4 volumes 423: "1-year truce" between Athens and Sparta 421: "50-year truce" between Athens and Sparta, "Peace of Aristophanes" 412: Treaty of Miletus: Persia switches support to Sparta against Athens 410: Protagoras: b.480, Greek philosopher, Sophist Agnostic banned from
  Athens, "Man is the measure of all things", "truth is subjective" ...
409: Rhodes built by Greek architect Hippodamus of Miletus 406: Euripides: b.480?, Greek Dramatist: Cyclops, Orestes, Electra; Loeb: 4 v.
406: Sophocles: b.496?, Greek Dramatist, introduced third actor and expanded
  chorus from 12 to 15 in Athenian theatre, wrote: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at
  Colonus, Antigone, Ajax, Electra, Trachiniae, Philoctetes; Loeb Classics 2v.
405-359: Artaxerxes II: Persian emperor, plagued by revolts, Egypt etc.
405-367: Dionysius the Elder: Tyrant of Syracuse, major power of Greek Italy 404: Sparta defeats Athens, "Long Walls" destroyed, "Thirty Tyrants" rule 403: "Thirty Tyrants" of Athens overthrown, democracy restored by Thrasybulus 403: Tzu-ssu: b.482, Chinese philosopher, wrote: "The Central Harmony" 400: Thucydides: b.460, Greek historian: "History Peloponnesian War"; Loeb: 4v 400: Tsou Yen: Chinese philosopher, founder of Naturalists 400?: 1st 7 chapters of "Chuang-tzu" written by Chuang Chou; Chinese Philos.
400?: Ch'un-ch'iu: "Spring & Autumn Annals", of 12 Chinese rulers from 722-481 400?: Li-chi: "Book of Rites" by Tseng Tzu; lost "Book of Music" by Yueh ching 399: Socrates: b.470?, Greek Philosopher, condemned to death by hemlock 398?: (458?) Ezra brings Torah (Mosaic Law) to Jerusalem from Babylon [Neh8] 397: first war between Carthage and Syracuse 395-387: Corinthian War: Corinth and Athens v. Sparta, involved Persians 394-391: "Long Walls" rebuilt at Athens 391?: Mo-tzu: Mo Ti, b.470, Chinese philosopher, founded Moism: Universal Love 390: Gauls from northern Italy under Brennus sack Rome, "Vae victis" 388: Aristophanes: Athenian dramatist: "Archarnians; Knights; Clouds; Wasps;
  Peace;Birds;Frogs;Lysistrata;Thesmophoriazusae;Ecclesiazusae;Plutus" Loeb 3v 387: Plato (347) founds "Academy" (school of Philosophy) at Athens 383: second war between Carthage and Syracuse 380-343: 30th Dynasty: founded by Nekhtnebf I, last native dynasty of Egypt 380: Lysias: b.459, Greek orator, wrote: "Oration 1", "Oration 32" 377: city walls of Rome built
375-335: Papyrus Samarian: in Aramaic, fragments of legal documents 371: Battle of Leuctra: Sparta defeated by Thebes, begins decline in power 370: Hippocrates: b.460, Greek "Father of Medicine"; Loeb Classics has 6 vols.
368: third war between Carthage and Syracuse 367-344: Dionysius II the Younger: Tyrant of Syracuse, disciple of Dion (354) 367: Persians standardize 19-year cycle lunisolar calendar 366: Temple of Concordia in Rome
360?: Yang Zhu: (Yang Chu), b.440, Chinese philosopher, accused of hedonism 359-336: Philip II: king of Macedon, dominant Greek power, assassinated 359-338: Artaxerses III of Persia: Jews revolt 350; Egypt recap. 343;assassin.
356: China begins building Great Wall against Huns 355: Xenophon: b.434, Greek soldier and historian; Loeb Classics has 7 vols.
354: Dion of Syracuse: b.409?, Platonic philosopher & statesman, assassinated 350: Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah, Jonah, Job; written in Jerusalem 350: Heraclides: disciple of Plato, teaches heliocentric system 350: Chuang-tzu: Chinese philosopher (tzu means Master) 350: Mahabharata: Indian epic (inc. Bhagavad Gita) recounts events 1400-800bce 347: Plato: b.427?, Greek Philosopher, ideas are primary substance; Loeb: 12v.
343-341: first Samnite (central Italy) War of Rome 343: Aristotle begins teaching Alexander the Great the Son of Zeus & a virgin 340-338: Latin Wars: Rome defeats rebellious Italian cities 340: Praxagoras of Cos discovers difference between arteries and veins 340?: Buddhism splits: Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) & Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle) 339: Publilian Laws of Rome: reform led by Quintus Publilius Philo 338-336-331: Arses - Darius III: Persian emperors, both assassinated 338: Battle of Chaeronea: Macedonians conquer Athens, control Greece 338: Isocrates: b.436, Athenian orator, advocated Pan-Hellenism; Loeb: 3v.
338: first Roman coins
336-323: Alexander the Great of Macedon: founded Alexandrian Empire, b.356 335: Aristotle returns to Athens, founds Lyceum: Peripatetic philosophy school 334-331: Alexander the Great defeats Darius III at Granicus, Issus, Gaugamela 332: Alexander conquers Egypt, founds city of Alexandria (center of Hellenism) 331: Babylon falls: Alexander is "Son of God" at oracle of Amun in Siwa, Egypt 330: Greek explorer Pytheas of Massilia (Marseilles) reaches Britain 327: Alexander invades India to the Indus river but generals turn back 326-304: 2nd Samnite (central Italy) War of Rome 325: earliest extant Greek papyrus: "Persae of Timotheus of Miletus"; Loeb: 3v 323: June 10: Alexander dies, "Diadochi" (successor) inheritance wars begin 323-322: Lamian War: unsuccessful revolt of Athens against Macedonian rule 323: remaining Jews in Judea sent to Alexandria, Egypt by Ptolemy I Soter 323: Diogenes the Cynic: (kuon:dog), b.412?, lived in a barrel in Athens ...
322-297: Chandragupta: founds Mauryan Empire of India, expels Greeks, Jain?
322: Aristotle: b.384, Greek Philosopher, logic is primary substance; Loeb:24v 322: Demosthenes: b.384?, Greek orator, "Philippics", etc.; Loeb: 7 volumes 319-314: Syria ruled by Ptolemy
315: 4 years war: Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimachus v. Antigonus 314-301: Antigonus I Cyclops: founds Antigonid Empire of Macedon, rules Syria 311-281: Seleucus I Nicator(victor): founds Seleucid Empire of Syria & Antioch 307: Museum and Library of Alexandria begun under Ptolemy I Soter 305-281: Lysimachus: king of Thrace, killed in battle against Seleucus 305-282: Ptolemy I Soter (savior): founds Ptolemaic Empire of Egypt 305-297: Cassander: king of Antigonid Empire of Macedon 305: Chandragupta defeats Seleucus and extends Mauryan Empire into Afghanistan 301: Battle of Ipsus: Antigonus defeated & killed, Judea under Ptolemaic rule 300-550ce: Koine (Common) Greek from Alexandria becomes standard Greek 300: Ramayana: Indian epic, life of Rama, the ideal man and king 300: Atetello at Teotihuacan: Mexican sun temple 300?: Euclid: Greek Mathematician, "Elements"; Loeb Classics with Thales 300?: Hsiao ching: "Book of Filial Piety"; Chinese Confucian philosophy 298-290: 3rd Samnite War of Rome: Roman control of central & southern Italy 297-273: Bindusara: king of Mauryan Empire of India, conquers southern India 294-288: Demetrius I: king of Antigonid Empire, surrenders to Seleucus in 285 293: first Roman sundial [Pliny (79ce): Natural History 7.213] 292: Menander: b.342?, Greek dramatist, wrote "Sententiae"; Loeb: 3 volumes 288?: Meng-tzu: Mencius, b.371?, Chinese Confucian philoso., "Book of Mencius" 287: Lex Hortensia: Roman Law reform by Quintus Hortensius 287: Theophrastus: b.372, Greek Peripatetic philosopher; Loeb: 5 volumes 282-246: Ptolemy II Philadelphus (sister-loving): Egypt/Judea/Samaria/Galilee;
  Torah (Mosaic Law) Greek translation: Septuagint/LXX/70 in Alexandria, lost 281-261: Antiochus I Soter (savior): king of Seleucid Empire of Syria 279-276: Gauls invade Macedon (Northern Greece) 276-239: Antigonus II Gonatas: Antigonid king, married Antiochus' sister 276-272: 1st Syrian War: Ptolemy II defeats the Seleucids under Antiochus I 275: end of history of city of Babylon the Great 275: Manetho: Egyptian high priest writes "History of Egypt" in Greek; (Loeb) 275: Colossus of Rhodes: bronze Helios sun god, destroyed by earthquake in 224 275?: Appius Claudius: Roman Censor, Appian Aqueduct, Via Appia, letter "G"...
273-232: Asoka the Great: Buddhist king of Mauryan Empire, united India in
  "Unity of Diversity", erected 40ft. columns inscribed with "Laws of Right
  Conduct & Nonviolence" picked up later by Thoreau, Gandhi, M. L. King ...
270: Epicurus: b.341, Greek philosopher wrote: "Kuriai Doxai" (Prin. Doctrine) 269: Denarius: first appearance of this Roman silver coin 264-241: First Punic War: Rome v. Carthage, Rome gained Sicily 264: Roman public gladiator combats begin 262?: Zeno of Citium: b.336, founder of Greek Stoic philosophy 261-246: Antiochus II Theos (God): Seleucid King, married Ptolemy 2's daughter 260-253: 2nd Syrian War: Antiochus II and Antigonus II defeat Ptolemy II 260: Theocritus: b.300, Greek pastoral poet, wrote 31 short poems 250: Ecclesiastes: written in Hebrew
250: Synagogues: places to study Torah (Mosaic Law), appear 250: Arcesilaus founds Second Academy of Athens 250?: Epistle of Jeremiah: Greek fragments found at Qumran Cave 7 (Septuagint) 250?: Apollonius Rhodius: Greek epic writer, wrote: "Argonautica" 250?: Apollonius of Perga: Greek Mathematician, "Parabola, Hyperbola, Ellipse" 247-224ce: Parthian Empire (neo-Persian): founded in modern NE Iran by Arsaces 246-222: Ptolemy III Euergetes (benefactor): rules Egypt/Judea/Samaria/Galilee 246-225: Seleucus II Callinicus (glorious in victory): lost Parthia/Asia Minor 246-241: 3rd Syrian War: Ptolemy III gains control of Eastern Mediterranean 240: Callimachus: b.305, Greek epigrammist, wrote Aetia;Iambics;Hymns;Hecale 238: Ptolemy III attempts Egyptian calendar reform to 365.25 days, rejected 238: Romans capture Sardinia then Corsica from Carthage 233: Sun-tzu (tzu means Master): Chinese philosopher, wrote "The Art of War" 233: Han-fei-tzu: Chinese philosopher, founder of Legalists, cf. Machiavelli 230: Xunzi: (Hsun-tzu), b.298, Chinese philosopher, opposed Confucianism 227-221: Antigonus III Doson: Antigonid king of Macedon, controls Greece 225-223: Seleucus III Soter (savior): king of Seleucid Empire of Syria 225: Quintus Fabius Pictor: first Roman historian 223-187: Antiochus III the Great: Seleucid king, rules Jud/Sam/Gal til 217 222-204: Ptolemy IV Philopator (father-loving): decline of empire begins 221-179: Philip V: king of Macedon
221-207: Qin (Ch'in) dynasty of China: Shi Huangdi defeats "Warring States" 221-217: 4th Syrian War: Ptolemy defeats Antiochus, rules Jud/Sam/Gal til 198 218-201: Second Punic War: Rome v. Carthage, Rome gained Spain 214-205: 1st Macedonian War: Rome attacks Macedon for siding with Carthage 213: "Burning of the Books": ordered by Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi of China 212: Archimedes: b.287, Greek mathematician, buoyancy, screw, lever, ...
204-180: Ptolemy V Epiphanes (God-manifest): rapid decline of empire 202-9ce: Western Han dynasty of China: founder Liu Bang (Gaodi), at Chang'an 201-195: 5th Syrian War: Seleucid Empire regains control of E. Mediterranean 200-0: early Torah (Law) Sages: Antigonus of Sochoh, Jose ben Johanan of Jeru-
  salem, Jose ben Joezer of Zereda in Samaria, Joshua ben Perahiah and Nittai
  of Arbel in Galilee, Simeon ben Shetah, Judah ben Tabbai, Shemiah, Abtalion 200-46: Rome: calendar in theory adjusted every year by the Pontifices (High
  Priests) so that annual sacrifices would occur in the same seasons from year
  to year, but in practice the calendar diverged widely from true solar year 200-100: period of Early Latin literature such as Plautus (184) 200-196: 2nd Macedonian War: Rome defeats Philip V of Macedon 200: Book of Esther written in Hebrew in Susa, Persia 200?: 4QSam(b): Hebrew 1 Samuel fragments from Qumran Cave 4, LXX text-type 200?: 4QDt(q): Hebrew Song of Moses frags. from Qumran Cave 4, LXX text-type 200?: Targums: begun, paraphrases of Torah (Mosaic Law) into W. Syrian Aramaic 200?: Tobit: 3 Aramaic & 1 Hebrew mss. frags. found Qumran Cave 4 (Septuagint) 200?: Li Szu: writes San ts'ang: Chinese dictionary of 3,300 symbols 200?: Ma-wang-tui silks: oldest and complete Tao Te Ching (Taoism), Lao-tzu 190-159: Artashes I: Armenian king, founded Artaxiad dynasty 198: Antiochus III reclaims Jud/Sam/Gal, begins extreme missionary hellenism 197: Athens under Roman rule after Roman defeat of Macedonians 195: Eratosthenes: b.275, Greek scientist, calc. earth's circumference & tilt 190: March 14: solar eclipse in Rome [Livy: Ab Urbe Condita 37.4.4] 187-175: Seleucus IV Philopator (father-loving): Seleucid king of Syria