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ce1
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[1-199ce (conversion era):                last revision: 22Sep95   lines: 462]
1ce: year 1 in Christian calendar, (a.d. = anno Domini), (see 525)
6: Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus of Rome; Samaria, Judea and Idumea
  annexed as province Iudaea under direct Roman administration, cap. Caesarea
6-?: Quirinius: Legate (Governor) of Syria, 1st Roman tax census of Iudaea
6-9-12?-15-26: Coponius - Ambivius - Rufus - Gratus: Roman Prefects of Iudaea
6-15: Annas (Ananus I) ben Seth: High Priest of Jerusalem Temple, appointed
  by Quirinius, "house of Annas" produced 8 High Priests between 6ce and 65ce
6: Zealot's tax revolt: Judah of Gamala & Saddok the Pharisee [JA18.4,JW2.118]
7-26: brief period of peace, ~free of revolt & bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee
9-23: Wang Mang: overthrows Han dynasty of China, attempts radical reforms
9: Arminius the Cheruscan destroys 3 Roman Legions near Rhine river of Germany
9: Hillel the Elder from Babylonia: b.30bce, "greatest Torah sage of Second
  Temple period", founder of Bet Hillel Torah school; at the request of a
  student to teach the entire Torah "while standing on one foot" he replied:
  "What is hateful to you, do not unto your neighbor. This is the entire
  Torah, all the rest is commentary," i.e., "Go and study it."; "He who
  magnifies his name destroys it; he who does not increase his knowledge
  decreases it, and he who does not study deserves to die; and he who makes
  worldly use of the crown of Torah shall waste away." [Encyclopedia Judaica]
14-37: Tiberius: Roman emperor, b.42bce, "Son of Divine Augustus"
16-17: Eleazar: son of Annas (6-15), appointed High Priest of Jerusalem Temple
16: Germanicus (adopted by Tiberius in 4) suppresses Revolt of Arminius (9)
17: Livy (Titus Livius): b.59bce, Roman historian: "Ab Urbe Condita"; Loeb:14v
18-36: Joseph Caiaphas: son-in-law of Annas, appointed High Priest of Jerusa-
  lem Temple by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate Vitellius
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From: Paul Harvey 
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Subject: Re: INDEX
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Date: Mon, 9 Oct 1995 17:26:30 -0700 (PDT)
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18-23: "Red Eyebrows" peasant revolt of China: Wang Mang assassinated
18: Ovid: b.43bce, Roman Poet: Amores, Ars Amatoria, Metamorphoses; Loeb: 6v.
19: Tiberius expels Septuagint missionaries from Rome, but they soon returned
19?: Herod Antipas moves Galilean capital from Sepphoris to his new Tiberias
23-220: Later (Eastern) Han dynasty of China
24?: Strabo: b.63bce, Greek geographer, wrote: "Geographica"; Loeb Classics 8v
25?: Assumption (Testament) of Moses: original Hebrew extant Latin (Apocrypha)
26-36: Pontius Pilate: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
27-34?: John the Baptist: "15th year of Tiberius" [Lk3:1-2], a Nazirite?
  [Lk1:15], arrested and killed by Herod Antipas [Lk3:19-20], {When others too
  joined the crowds about him, because they were aroused to the highest degree
  by his sermons, Herod became alarmed. Eloquence that had so great an effect
  on mankind might lead to some form of sedition, for it looked as if they
  would be guided by John in everything that they did. Herod decided therefore
  that it would be much better to strike first and be rid of him before his
  work led to an uprising, than to wait for an upheaval, get involved in a
  difficult situation and see his mistake.} [JA18.5.2, Loeb]
30: Marcus Manilius: b.10bce?, Roman poet, wrote: Astronomica; (Loeb Classics)
30?: Shammai the Elder: founder of Bet Shammai Torah school; "Make your study
  of the Torah a matter of established regularity, say little and do much, and
  receive all men with a friendly countenance." [Encyc. Judaica: Avot,1,15]
26-36?: Jesus the Nazarene: [Latin=IESVS NAZARENVS;Greek=Iesous ho Nazoraios;
  Aramaic=Yeshu Natseraya;Hebrew=Yeshu haNotseri] son of Mary, born 12-4 bce,
  bathed in Jordan to remove sin by John the Baptist [Mk1:4-11], {But after
  John was handed over to the authorities, Jesus went to Galilee, proclaiming
  the good word of God & saying, "The time has come and the kingdom of God is
  approaching. Repent & trust in the good word."} -Mk1:14-15(Gaus) || Mt4:12,
  17,Lk4:14-15,cf.Jn4:1-3,43-46a; selected 12 apostles: 1. Simon (Greek),
  Shim'on (Aramaic), renamed "Rock", Petros (Gk), Kefa' (Ar), "Peter", Bathes-
  da fisherman, 1st Pope? (67), surname: bar-Yona (Ar), Jonah's son? [Mt16:17]
  or bar-Yochanan (Ar), Johnson? [Jn1:42], also called Satan! [Mk8:33 || Mt16:
  23]; 2. James, Iakobos (Gk), Ya'qov (Ar), son of Zebedee and his brother:
  3. John, Ioannes (Gk), Yochanan (Ar), both fishermen, was John the disciple
  Jesus loved? Gospel of John? only eyewitness recorder? John the Elder? (130)
  both renamed Boanerges [Hebrew bne-Regesh?,bne-Rgaz?,angry sons?], "Thunder
  Brothers"; 4. Andrew, Andreas (Gk), Peter's brother, Bethesda fisherman,
  disciple of John the Baptist [Jn1:35,40]; 5. Philip, Philippos (Gk), from
  Bathesda; 6. Bartholomew, Bartholomaios (Gk), [Aramaic bar-Talemai?, from
  Ptolemais?]; 7. Matthew, Maththaios (Gk), Matta'i (Ar), a Tax Collector! [Mt
  10:3], Gospel of Matthew?; 8. Thomas (Gk), [Aramaic=T'oma'=twin], Gospel of
  Thomas? (65), Gnostic?; 9. James son of Alpheus [Syriac=Chalfai];
  10. Thaddeus?, Thaddaios (Gk), [Aramaic=Taddai, from Greek Theodotus?], or
  Judas son of James? [Lk6:16] or Judas not Iscariot? [Jn14:22] or Lebbeus?
  [Aramaic=Libbai?]; 11. Simon the Canaanite? Aramaic=Qan'an=Zealot? [Lk6:15],
  from Cana? [Jerome]; 12. Judas Iscariot, Iskarioth(Gk), Hebrew='ish-Qeriyoth
  =man from Kerioth? Skariotes from Latin sicarius=assassin? a devil![Jn6:70];
  [Mk3:13-19,Mt10:1-4,Lk6:12-16]; denied 3 times by his primary Apostle Simon-
  Peter the "Rock", crucified by Roman Prefect Pontius Pilate (26-36) for the
  Roman crime of INRI [Latin=IESVS NAZARENVS REX IVDAEORVM=Iudaean King
  Nazarene Jesus] [Gospel of Peter4:2 (65-150), Mk15:26 (70?), Mt27:37 (80?),
  Lk23:38 (90?), Jn19:19 (100?), Josephus' Jewish Antiquities 18.3.3 (94),
  Tacitus Annals 15.44 (117?,64)] on Friday 14 Nisan? [Peter,John,Mk14:2] or
  Friday 15 Nisan? [Mk,Mt,Lk] {& at 3 o'clock, Jesus cried out in a loud voice
  "Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani," [A='elahi 'elahi lema' shevaqtani; H='eli
  'eli lama 'azavtani;Ps22:1] which translates to "My God, my God, why did you
  desert me?} -Mk15:34(Gaus) || Mt27:46 cf. Lk23:46, Jn19:30; possible Friday
  14 Nisan Crucifixion dates: 7Apr30; 3Apr33; 30Mar36
36-37-41?: Marcellus - Marullus: Roman Prefects of Iudaea
36-37: Jonathan: Jerusalem High Priest, app. by Syrian Legate Vitellius
36?-65?: oral period in Christianity between Jesus & Gospel of Mark, recorded
  in Acts: Simon-Peter as leader? (1st Pope?), John, James, Andrew, Philip,
  Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, James son of Alpheus, Simon the Zealot, Judas
  son of James, Mary the mother of Jesus, Jesus' brothers, sisters, various
  women [Ac1:13-14]; only ~120 initial believers? [Ac1:15]; Judas Iscariot
  commits "suicide" [Ac1:18-19]; Matthias voted replacement [Ac1:23-26]; 3000
  new converts in 1 day? [Ac2:41]; Peter & John jailed for 1 night for causing
  riots, converts increase to 5000? [Ac3]; Ananias and Sapphira die under
  mysterious circumstances after not giving *all* their possessions [Ac5];
  Aramaic [Ac1:19] and Greek [Ac6:1] in use early on; 7 Greeks added to 12
  Apostles: Stephen, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, Nicolaus
  [Ac6]; initially only 1 "church" (Greek ekklesia:G1577 most likely just an
  assembly rather than a formal church), in Jerusalem; Paul of Tarsus, prior
  to conversion, has Stephen martyred & the Jerusalem "church" destroyed, the
  original Christians disperse throughout Judea & Samaria [Ac8:1ff]; Paul con-
  verts to "Apostle to the Gentiles" and main activity of Christianity shifts
  from "Jewish-Christians" of Judea and Galilee (Nazarenes & Ebionites) to
  "Gentile-Christians" led by Paul & his Patroness [Rm16:2 prostatis] Phoebe;
  Nazarenes (nazarenos:Mk1:24,10:47,14:67,16:6;Lk4:34,18:37vl,24:19;Jn18:5(D);
  nazoraios:Mk10:47vl;Mt2:23,26:69vl,71;Lk18:37,24:19vl;Jn18:5,7,19:19;Ac2:22,
  3:6,4:10,6:14,22:8,24:5,26:9); The Way (hodos:A9:2,18:25-26,19:9,23,24:14,
  22); Christians (christianos:Ac11:26,26:28,1Pt4:16)
37-41: Gaius Caligula: b.12, Roman emperor, declared himself God, assassinated
37-44: King "Herod" Agrippa I: Philip & Lysanias' tetrarchies, ap. by Caligula
37: Roman Temple of Divus Augustus (Divine Augustus) dedicated
37?: Paul of Tarsus' conversion (Roman citizen?, tentmaker?) [Gal1:12,16,Ac9]
38: Greek-Jewish riots in Alexandria [Philo: Flaccus 41-54, E-to-G 132-137]
39-40: Greek-Jewish riots in Antioch [Malalas Chronographia 10.315]
39-40: Jewish protest at Ptolemais [JA18.263,JW2.192;Philo E-to-G 222-249]
39: Herod Antipas exiled to Gaul on charges of secret alliance with Parthians
40: Caligula adds Herod Antipas' tetrarchy(Galilee,Perea) to "Herod" Agrippa I
40: Seneca the Elder: Roman rhetor, wrote: Controversiae, Suasoriae; Loeb: 2v
40?: Paul goes to Jerusalem (1st trip?) to meet Peter and James [Gal1:18-20]
40?: 4 Maccabees: written in Greek in Alexandria (Septuagint)
41-54: Claudius: Roman emperor, persecuted Druids, poisoned by wife Agrippina
41-48: King Herod of Chalcis: "Herod" Agrippa I's brother, ap. by Claudius
41: Claudius adds Judea and Samaria to kingdom of "Herod" Agrippa I
44: James brother of John executed by sword by "Herod" Agrippa I [Acts12:1-3]
44-46: C. Cuspius Fadus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, Idumea)
44: Fadus beheads Theudas for parting Jordan (like Exodus) [JA20.97,Ac5:36]
45: C. Julius Phaedrus: b.15bce?, Roman fables; (Loeb Classics)
45: Philo Judaeus of Alexandria: b.30bce, Jewish philosopher and hellenizer,
  tried to unify Greek and Hebrew philosophy; Loeb Classics has 12 volumes
45?: Fadus crucifies Jacob and Simon sons of Judah of Gamala (6) [JA20.5.2]
46-48: Tiberius Julius Alexander: Roman Procurator of Iudaea, an apostate Jew
47-59: Ananias ben Nedebaeus: Jerusalem High Priest, app. by Herod of Chalcis
47-48?: Paul and Barnabas on Cyprus [Acts13:4-12]
48-93: Agrippa II: king of Judea, ruled from Chalcis 48-52 and Iturea 52-93
48-62: Pauline Letters: Gl(48-55),1Th(51),Rm(56-58),1Cr(56),2Cr(57),Pp(55-62)
48-52: Ventidius Cumanus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, Idumea)
48-49?: Council of Apostles & Elders: 1st Christian Council?, [Gal2:1-10,Ac15]
  also Incident at Antioch [Gal2:11-18] where Paul publicly condemned Peter
49-54: Claudius expels Septuagint missionaries from Rome: {Since the Jews con-
  stantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus {{Christ?}}, he ex-
  pelled them from Rome.} [Suetonius, de Vita Caesarum, Claudius XXV.4, Loeb]
49-50?: Paul in Corinth, the center of his mission to the Gentiles [Acts18]
50: Passover riot in Jerusalem, 20-30,000 killed [JA20.5.3,JW2.12.1]
50?: Peshitta: translation begun, Hebrew OT->Syriac Aramaic, (Greek NT in 400)
50?: Ascension of Isaiah: original written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)
50?: Barthelemy Greek Minor Prophets: R943, pb.1953, unknown translation type
50?: Hero of Alexandria invents crude steam engine: "aeolipile"
50?: early Gnostics?: Simon Magus of Samaria, Simonianism [Ac8:9-24,Petrine
  Acts,EH2.13,...]; Nicolaus of Antioch, Nicolaitans? [Ac6:5,Rv2:6,15,
  EH3.29.1-3,...]; Menander disciple of Simon Magus; Basilides of Alexandria
  (d.160?) and Satorninus of Antioch (d.120?) disciples of Menander; ...
52-60?: M. Antonius Felix: Roman Procurator of Iudaea, a Greek freedman
54-68: Nero: b.37, Roman emperor, last of Julio-Claudian dynasty
55?: "Egyptian Prophet": led ~30,000 unarmed Jews in reenactment of Exodus,
  tried to liberate Jerusalem, massacred by Felix [Ac21,JW2.261,JA20.169]
57?: Paul's last visit to Jerusalem [Acts21]
58: Ming-Ti: emperor of China, introduces Buddhism to China
58?: Felix crushes Jewish revolt in Caesarea
58?: Paul imprisoned in Caesarea [Acts23:23-26:32]; then Rome [A28:16] in 60?
58-170: 3rd Corinthians: by Paul of Tarsus? original in Greek (Armenian Bible)
59: Nero kills his mother Agrippina
60?-62-64: Porcius Festus - Lucceius Albinus: Roman Procurators of Iudaea
60?: 2nd Thess.: probably itself a forgery, warns of Christian Epistle forgery
62: Jesus son of Ananias proclaims "...a voice against Jerusalem..." [JW6.300]
62: Nero kills his wife Octavia and marries Poppaea Sabina
62: Persius: b.34, Roman Stoic satirist, wrote: "Satirae"; (Loeb Classics)
62?: Paul martyred for treason in Rome? [Col1:24,Eph3:13,2Tm4:6-8,1Clem5:5-7]
62: {Being therefore this kind of person [i.e., a heartless Sadducee], Ananus
  {II} thinking that he had a favorable opportunity because Festus had died &
  Albinus was still on his way, called a meeting [literally, "sanhedrin"] of
  judges and brought into it the brother of Jesus-who-is-called-Messiah, James
  by name, and some others. He made the accusation that they had transgressed
  the law, and he handed them over to be stoned.} [JA20.9.1,Marginal Jew,p.57]
64: Great Fire of Rome: Nero accused and persecuted the Christians: {Therefore
  to squelch the rumor , Nero
  created scapegoats and subjected to the most refined tortures those whom the
  common people called "Christians," [a group] hated for their abominable
  crimes. Their name comes from Christ, who, during the reign of Tiberius, had
  been executed by the procurator Pontius Pilate. Suppressed for the moment,
  the deadly superstition broke out again, not only in Judea, the land which
  originated this evil, but also in the city of Rome, where all sorts of
  horrendous and shameful practices from every part of the world converge and
  are fervently cultivated.} [Tacitus Annals 15.44;Marginal Jew;Meier;p.89-90]
65-150: Gospel redaction and compilation stage of Christianity, post-Paul,
  center of Christianity shifts to Antioch and Rome - "New Babylon" of 1Pt5:13
65?: Q: (German: Quelle=Source), hypothetical Greek text used in Matt & Luke
65-150: Gospel of Peter, Dialogue of the Savior (Complete Gospels)
65-150: Didache: Instructions of the Apostles, pub. 1883 (Apostolic Fathers)
65-150: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1224 fragments: pub. 1914, {When the scholars a[nd
  Pharise]es and priests observe[ed hi]m, they were indignant [because he re-
  clined  in the com]pany of sin[ners]. But Jesus overheard [them
  and said,] Those who are we[ll don't need a doctor.]} -5(SV) || Mk2:15-17;
  Mt9:10-13;Lk5:29-32 [Ref: The Complete Gospels, 1992, ISBN:0-944344-30-5]
65-150: Gospel of Thomas: based on Q?, pub. 1959, Greek originals: Papyrus
  Ox. 1,654-5; {Jesus said, "If your leaders say to you, 'Look, the 
  imperial rule is in the sky,' then the birds of the sky will precede you. If
  they say to you, 'It is in the sea,' then the fish will precede you. Rather,
  the  imperial rule is within you and it is outside you. When you
  know yourselves, then you will be known, and you will understand that you
  are children of the living Father. But if you do not know yourselves, then
  you live in poverty, and you are the poverty."} -Th3(SV), cf. Mk13:21-23;
  Mt24:23-28;Lk17:20-25;Jb28:12-14,20-22(LXX);Bar3:29-32,35-37;Dt30:11-14(LXX)
  ;Sir1:1-3 {His disciples said to him, "When will the rest for the dead take
  place, and when will the new world come?" He said to them, "What you are
  looking forward to has come, but you don't know it."} -Th51(SV), cf. Mt11:28
  -29;DSav65-68;Sir51:26-27,6:23-31;Lk17:20-21;Mk9:12-13;Mt17:11;2Tm2:17-18
  {His disciples said to him, "When will the  imperial rule come?"
  "It will not come by watching for it. It will not be said, 'Look, here!' or
  'Look, there!' Rather, the Father's imperial rule is spread out upon the
  earth, and people don't see it."} -Th113(SV) || Lk17:20-21; cf. Mary4:4-5;
  Mk13:21;Mt24:23;Lk17:23 [Ref: The Complete Gospels, ISBN:0-944344-30-5]
65-175: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840 fragments: pub. 1908, {In response the savior
  said to him: "I feel sorry for the blind who can't see. You bathe in these
  stagnant waters where dogs & pigs wallow day & night.} -2:7(SV) cf. Mt7:6;
  Jn9:40-41; 2Pt2:22; Rv22:15 [Ref: The Complete Gospels, ISBN:0-944344-30-5]
65-175: Papyrus Egerton 2 (Unknown Gospel) fragments: pub. 1935/87, in Greek
  from Palestine, one of the oldest extant Christian texts (~175), {Turning
  to the rulers of the people,  made this statement: "Pore over the 
   writings. You imagine that in them there is life to be had. They do
  indeed give evidence on my behalf."} -EgerG1:2(SV) || Jn5:39 (Comp. Gospels)
65-250: Papyrus Fayum (P. Vindob. G. 2325) fragments: pub. 1887, {(He said,
  after) eating according to custom, "Al[l of you on this] night will fall
  away, [according to] scripture: 'I will strike the [shepherd and the] sheep
  will be scattered.'" [When] Peter said, "Even if all, [yet not I," (Jesus
  said) "Before] the cock crows twice [today three times] you will deny me."}
  cf. Mk14:26-31;Mt26:30-35;Lk22:31-34 [Ref: Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1992]
65-350: "Jewish-Christian Gospels": 7 fragments of Gospel of the Ebionites
  and 7 fragments of Gospel of the Hebrews in Greek; 36 fragments of Gospel
  of the Nazarenes in Aramaic; [Ref: NT Apocrypha, W. Schneemelcher, vol. 1]
64-66: Gessius Florus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, Idumea),
  a Greek from Asia Minor, raids Temple setting off Jewish rebellion of 66-73
65: Nero orders suicides of poets Seneca and Lucan: Seneca the Younger: "Dia-
  logi", "Naturales quaestiones", Loeb: 11v; Lucan: "Bellum Civile", Loeb: 1v
66-428: Armenian Arsacid dynasty: founded by Trdat the Parthian, appr. by Nero
66-73: Roman-Jewish War: final destruction of Second Temple (Herod's Temple)
  {What more than all else incited them [the Jews] to the [1st Roman] war was
  an ambiguous oracle ... found in their sacred scriptures, to the effect that
  at that time 1 from their country would become ruler of the world. This they
  understood to mean someone of their own race, & many of their wise men went
  astray in their interpretation of it. The oracle, however, in reality signi-
  fied the sovereignty of Vespasian who was proclaimed Emperor on Jewish soil}
  [Josephus' JW 6.312-13, Crossan, Who Killed Jesus?, p44, ISBN:0-06-061479-X]
66: Nero enters Olympic Games and wins, frees Greece from Roman administration
66: Cestius Gallus, Roman Legate of Syria, forced to retreat from Iudaea
66: Nero orders suicide of Petronius: Roman courtier, wrote "Satyricon" (Loeb)
67: Roman General Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, b.9) conquers Galilee
67: Peter: 1st Pope?, bishop of Antioch & Rome?, martyred (crucified?)in Rome?
67-78,79-91: Pope Linus (2Tm4:21?) - Pope Anacletus ("blameless?" Titus 1:7?)
68: Qumran (Essenes?) (Dead Sea Scrolls - 1949) community destroyed by Rome
68: Nero commits suicide & resurrects as "Nero redivivus" (Revelation's 666?)
6/68-1/69-4/69-12/69: Galba - Otho - Vitellius: Roman emperors, all assassina.
69-79-81-96: Flavian Dynasty: Vespasian - Titus - Domitian; Colosseum built...
69-79: Vespasian: Roman emperor, quells Rome & Jerusalem unrest, ap. by Senate
69: "Nero redivivus" martyred in Galatia [ABD,Tac.Hist.2.8]
70: July: Roman General Titus conquers Antonia fortress at Jerusalem
70: Aug: Titus, Vespasian's eldest son, conquers Jerusalem, destroys Temple
70-361: special annual tax of 2 drachmas levied on all Jews of the Roman
  Empire since Jupiter Capitolinus (God of Rome) had defeated God of Jerusalem
  {Besides other taxes, that on the Jews was levied with the utmost rigour,
  and those were prosecuted who without publicly acknowledging that faith yet
  lived as Jews, as well as those who concealed their origin and did not pay
  the tribute levied upon their people. {{These were doubtless Christians,
  whom the Romans commonly confounded with the Jews.}} I recall being present
  in my youth when the person of a man ninety years old was examined before
  the procurator and a very crowded court, to see whether he was circumcised.}
  [Suetonius, de Vita Caesarum, Book VII, Domitian, XII.2, Loeb Classics]
70-640: Sanhedrin (High Court) period of Judaism: rise of house of Hillel (9)
70-132: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Jabneh (Jamnia),
  begun by Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai to 'perform commandments and teach Torah'
70?: Gospel of Mark: Peter's interpreter? [1Pt5:13], written in Rome?, ends
  unexpectedly at Mk16:8, original ending apparently lost, endings added ~400
70?: "Signs Gospel": hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to prove
  Jesus is Messiah; [Complete Gospels]: Opening: Jn1:6-7,19-49; in Galilee: Jn
  2:1-12a,4:46b-54,21:1-14,6:1-14,15b-25; in Jerusalem: Jn11:1-45,9:1-8,5:2-9;
  Culmination: Jn11:47-53,2:14-19,12:37-40; Passion Prelude: Jn12:1-8,12-15;
  Passion: Jn18:1-19:42; Resurrection: Jn20:1-22; Closing: Jn20:30-31
71: "The Jewish War": (JW), by Josephus (100?), written in Greek
73: Jewish fortress at Masada falls to Rome, residents commit mass suicide
74?: Publius Annius Florus: Roman historian; (Loeb Classics)
79-81: Titus: Roman emperor, b.39, eldest son of Vespasian
79: Pliny the Elder: b.23, Roman scholar, victim of Mt. Vesuvius eruption on
  24 August that destroyed Pompeii & Herculaneum, wrote of Essenes; Loeb: 10v
80: Terentius Maximus of Parthia claims to be "Nero redivivus" [ABD]
80?: Gospel of Matthew: most popular in early church, based on Mark and Q
80?: "Council of Jamnia" said to have canonized Jewish Scripture [discredited]
81-96: Domitian: Roman emperor, youngest son of Vespasian, "Nero redivivus?"
  (see 68), b.51, proclaimed himself "Lord & God", stabbed to death by wife...
88: 2nd "Nero redivivus" of Parthia: "Even now his subjects wish he were
  alive, and most men believe that he is." [ABD,Dio Chrysostom Or.21.10]
90?: Gospel of Luke: based on Mark & Q, also Acts - same author, style of LXX
90?: Josephus claims 22 Jewish books: 5 Law, 13 History, 4 Hymns [AA1.8]
91-101: Pope Clement I: Phil4:3?, wrote to Corinth in 95: "1 Clement" (AF)
  {...Clement's Bible is the Old Testament, to which he refers repeatedly as
  Scripture (graphe), quoting it with more or less exactness. Clement also
  makes occasional reference to certain words of Jesus; though they are
  authoritative for him, he does not appear to enquire how their authenticity
  is ensured. In two of the three instances that he speaks of remembering 'the
  words' of Christ or of the Lord Jesus, it seems that he has a written record
  in mind, but he does not call it a 'gospel'. He knows several of Paul's
  epistles, and values them highly for their content; the same can be said of
  the Epistle to the Hebrews, with which he is well acquainted. Although these
  writings obviously possess for Clement considerable significance, he never
  refers to them as authoritative 'Scripture'.} [Canon NT,Metzger,p.43]
94: "Jewish Antiquities": by Josephus in Aramaic, trans. to Greek, Testimonium
  Flavianum: {At this time there appeared Jesus, a wise man. For he was a doer
  of startling deeds, a teacher of people who receive the truth with pleasure.
  And he gained a following both among many Jews and among many of Greek ori-
  gin. And when Pilate, because of an accusation made by the leading men among
  us, condemned him to the cross, those who had loved him previously did not
  cease to do so. And up until this very day the tribe of Christians (named
  after him) has not died out.} [JA18.3.3 Meier redaction, Marginal Jew, p.61]
95?: Quintilian: b.35?, Roman rhetor, wrote: "Institutio oratoria"; Loeb: 4 v.
96-98: Nerva: (Marcus Cocceius Nerva), Roman emperor, b.35?, law reform ...
96?: Statius: b.40?, Roman poet, wrote: Silvae, Thebais, Achilleis; Loeb: 2v.
98-117: Trajan: Roman emperor, selected by Nerva, empire reaches maximum size;
  Roman Arch (semicircle) Aqueduct at Segovia, Spain; Dacia & Arabia annexed
  in 106; Armenia annexed: 114-162; Mesopotamia annexed: 114-115 ...
100?: Gospel of John: only eyewitness? the disciple Jesus loved? Gnostic? ...
100?: Odes of Solomon: Gnostic?, Greek or Syriac?, ref by John? (Apocrypha)
100?: Epistle of Barnabas: Christian exegesis of LXX (AF = Apostolic Fathers)
100?: 2 Clement: an old sermon but not by Clement (AF = Apostolic Fathers)
100?: 2 Esdras (Vg:4 Esdras): v14:45 claims 24 Jewish books (Vulgate,Peshitta)
100?: Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch in Syriac; 3 Baruch in Greek) (Peshitta)
100?: Paralipomena of Jeremiah: (4 Baruch), written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)
100?: Masoretes at Tiberias compile Masora (MT), standard Jewish Scriptures
100?: Apollonius of Tyana: neo-Pythagorean, raised dead, pred. Domitian's end
100?: Testaments 12 Patriarchs:Hebrew-Aramaic frags @Qumran1,4(Armenian Bible)
100?: Epistle to the Laodiceans: [cf.Col4:16] ??? (Vulgate Fuldensis, see 546)
100?: Flavius Josephus: b.37?, Jewish general, turncoat, historian, hellenist:
  71: JW=Jewish War; 90?: AA=Against Apion; 94: JA=Jewish Antiquities; 10 Loeb
100-150: Secret Book (Apocryphon) of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Infancy
  Gospels of Thomas and James, Secret Gospel (of Mark) (Complete Gospels)
101-109-116-125-136: Popes Evaristus - Alexander - Sixtus I - Telesphorus
104?: Martial: b.40?, Roman epigrammist; Loeb Classics has 2 volumes
105?: Ts'ai Lun: of China invents paper, monopoly held till 751
110?: Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians: written by Polycarp (160) (AF)
110?: Ignatius: bishop of Antioch, martyred in Rome, letters subject to heavy
  Christian forgery, advocated bishop: "careful not to oppose the bishop, in
  order that we may be obedient to God. ... regard the bishop as the Lord him-
  self." [IEph5-6]; "godly bishop ... presiding in the place of God ... Lord
  did nothing without the Father, ... so you must not do anything without the
  bishop ... be subject to the bishop ... as Jesus Christ in the flesh was to
  the Father," [IMag2,6-7,13]; "subject to the bishop as to Jesus Christ, ...
  respect the bishop, who is a model of the Father," [ITr2-3]; "follow the
  bishop, as Jesus Christ followed the Father, ... one who honors the bishop
  has been honored by God;"  [ISmy8-9] (Apostolic Fathers)
113?: Pliny the Younger: b.62?, Roman consul, recorded Christians as "singing
  hymns to Christ as to a god" <... Christo quasi deo> [Letter 10.96]; Loeb:2v
114: Lucius Apuleius: Roman satirist: The Golden Ass, Metamorphoses; Loeb: 3v.
115-117: Trajan's Jewish Revolt: Procurator Lucius Quietus provokes Kitos War
  in Jerusalem, spreads to Libya, Cyrenaica, Egypt, Cyprus, Mesopotamia, ends
  Roman eastward expansion, Parthia restored, Egyptian Jewry declines ...
115: Lucian: Gk satirist: Passing of Peregrinus (satire of Christians); Loeb8v
117-137: Hadrian: b.76, Roman emperor, quelled unrest, wall across Britain
117?: Publius Cornelius Tacitus: b.55?, Roman historian: "Annals" Loeb: 5 v.
120?: Plutarch: b.46?, Greek historian, wrote 200+: "Parallel Lives"; Loeb:27v
125?: Papyrus 52: oldest extant NT fragment, p.1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38
125?: Shepherd of Hermas: written in Rome (AF = Apostolic Fathers)
126?: Quadratus: bishop of Athens [ANF = Ante-Nicene Fathers, Eerdmans, v.8]
130-200: "Christian Apologists" writings against Roman Paganism by: Justin
  Martyr (165), Athenagoras (177), Aristides (145?), Theophilus of Antioch
  (181), Tatian (172), Quadratus (126?), Melito of Sardis (177), Apolli-
  naris of Hierapolis (180?), also Epistle to Diognetus in Apostolic Fathers
130?: "Gospel of Basilides": a 24 book commentary?, Gnostic?, lost
130?: Papias: bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, wrote: "Expositions of
  the Sayings of the Lord", lost, widely quoted, see Eusebius (340) (AF)
130?: Aquila of Pontus: Roman convert to Christianity then to Judaism, student
  of Rabban Gamaliel, compiled literal Greek OT translation in Jabneh (Jamnia)
132-135: Bar Kokhba Revolt: Hadrian tried to build Jupiter Capitolinus temple
  on Jerusalem temple ruins starting final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem
  erased from maps, southern Syria renamed "Palaestina" (coined by Herodotus)
135: R. Akiva ben Joseph of Judea: b.50?, executed by the Romans for teaching
  Torah in public after revolt, flesh was torn from his body with iron combs,
  coined "thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" as 1st principle of Torah
138-161: Antoninus Pius: (Aurelius Fulvus), Roman emperor, selected by Hadrian
138-165: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Usha, Galilee
138-142-155-166: Pope Hyginus - Pope Pius I - Pope Anicetus
140: Juvenal: b.60?, greatest Roman Satirist; (Loeb Classics with Persius)
140?: Apocalypse of Peter: written in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2]
140?: Suetonius: b.70, Roman historian: "de Vita Caesarum"; Loeb Classics: 2v
140?: Marcion of Pontus: first Radical Paulinist?, inspired by Lk5:36, claimed
  Jesus rejected "Law and Prophets" (OT), claimed to have recovered lost
  original Gospel from Luke, promoted Canon of heavily edited Gospel of Luke
  and 10 Pauline Letters and his own "Antitheses"; "Western" Gospel text-type
145: Roman Temple of Divus Hadrianus (Divine Hadrian) dedicated
149: Hsu Shen: writes Shou wen chieh tzu: Chinese dictionary of 10,516 symbols
150?: Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria: Greek astronomer, "Geocentric"; (Loeb)
150?: Gospel of the Egyptians: Coptic translation of orig. Greek (Nag Hammadi)
150?: Nagarjuna founds Madhyamika (Mahayana Buddhism) school in India
150?: "Teachings of Silvanus": Gnostic; v99.13: Christ has a single
  hypostasis [hidden spiritual reality]; v102.3: Christ is incomprehensible
  with respect to his hypostasis (Nag Hammadi)
150?: "Western Reviser" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce "Western"
  version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 & Codex Bezae (D)
  {Who it was that was responsible for the additional information concerning
  the apostolic age or where it came from is entirely unknown. According to F.
  G. Kenyon, "What one would like to suppose (but for which there is no exter-
  nal evidence), is that one of St. Paul's companions transcribed Luke's book
  [Acts] (perhaps after the author's death), and inserted details of which he
  had personal knowledge, & made other alterations in accordance with his own
  taste in a matter on which he was entitled to regard himself as having auth-
  ority equal to that of Luke."} [Textual Comm., Metzger, p272, 3-438-06010-8]
150?: Papyrus Chester Beatty 6: R963, Greek Num 5:12-36:13, Deut 1:20-34:12
155?: Montanus: of Pepuza, Phrygia; claimed to be Paraclete of John 14:16
160?: Polycarp: bishop of Smyrna, martyred at age 86: "Let. to Philip." (110)
160?: Martyrdom of Polycarp: in Greek (Apostolic Fathers, ISBN:0-8010-5676-4)
161-180: Marcus Aurelius: b.121, Roman emperor, selected by Pius, Stoic philo-
  sopher, wrote "Meditationes" in Greek & "Letters" in Latin (Loeb); Parthia
  invades Armenia: 162; Great Plague: 164-180; Boucholoi Revolt of Egyptian
  Delta: 172; Revolt of Syrian Governor Cassius: 175; German Revolt: 178-188
165-180: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Shefaram, Galilee
165: Justin Martyr: b.114?, Roman Platonist convert to Christianity, martyred,
  wrote: 1-2Apology, Dialogue with Trypho a Jew [ANF=Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.1]
165?: Gellius: b.123?, Roman writer, wrote: "Attic Nights"; Loeb Classics: 3v
166-174: Pope Soter: moved "Easter" from Biblical Nisan 14 to following SUNday
170: Christian Council of Asia Minor: against Montanus & his Montanist sect
170: Dionysius: bishop of Corinth, claims Christians were changing and faking
  his own letters just as they had changed the Gospels [EH4.23.12;ANF,v.8]
170?: Symmachus: an Ebionite, writes an entirely new Greek OT translation
170?: Alogi: Asia Minor Christian sect, rejected Hippolytus' "Logos" doctrine?
  (see 217-235), rejected Gospel of John & Revelations [Epiphanius,Heresies51]
172: Tatian the Assyrian, b.110, Gnostic?, student of Justin Martyr, founded
  Encratite sect of Antioch, wrote: Address to Greeks [ANF,v.2], used "Law
  and Prophets" but rejected Acts and Pauline Letters [EH4.29.5], Diatessaron
  (Harmony) [ANF,v.10] blend of 4 "Western" text-type Gospels into 1: {[the
  mother of the sons of Zebed]ee (Mt27:56) & Salome (Mk15:40) & the wives [of
  those who] had followed him from [Galile]e to see the crucified(Lk23:49b-c).
  And [the da]y was Preparation; the Sabbath was daw[ning] (Lk23:54). And when
  it was evening (Mt27:57), on the Prep[aration], that is, the day before the
  Sabbath (Mk25:42), [there came] up a man (Mt27:57), be[ing] a member of the
  council (Lk23:50), from Arimathea (Mt27:57), a c[i]ty of [Jude]a (Lk23:51),
  by name Jo[seph](Mt27:57), good & ri[ghteous] (Lk23:50), being a disciple of
  Jesus, but se[cret]ly, for fear of the [Jew]s(Jn19:38). And he (Mt27:57) was
  looking for [the] k[ingdom] of God(Lk23:51b). This man [had] not [con]sented
  to [their] p[urpose] (Lk23:51a)} {#0212} [Text NT,Metzger,0-19-507297-9,p90]
174-189: Pope Eleutherius
175?: Acts of Paul: (inc. 3 Cor.), in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2]
175?: Valentinus: b.100?, founder of Gnostic Valentinian School of Rome,
  taught secret wisdom from Paul [Rm16:25,1Cor2:7] from his disciple Theudas,
  wrote: "On the 3 Natures", quoted in Pseudo-Anthimus: God is 3 hypostases
  [hidden spiritual realities] & 3 prosopa [persons]: Father, Son, Holy Spirit
177: Athenagoras: Athenian philosopher convert to Christianity [ANF,v.2]
177: Melito: bishop of Sardis [ANF = Ante-Nicene Fathers, Eerdmans, v.8]
178: Celsus writes "True Discourse", a pro-Pagan/anti-Christian polemic, lost
180-192: Commodus: Roman emperor, b.161, son of Aurelius, strangled to death
180-210: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Beth-shearim
180: Theophilus: bishop of Caesarea [ANF = Ante-Nicene Fathers, Eerdmans, v.8]
180: Gaius: b.110?, Roman jurist, wrote: "Institutiones": summary of Roman Law
180?: Apollinaris: bishop of Hierapolis [ANF=Ante-Nicene Fathers, v.8]
180?: Minucius Felix: Roman Christian lawyer, wrote: "Octavius" [ANF,v.4]
181: Theophilus: bishop of Antioch, pagan convert to Christianity [ANF,v.2]
184-204: Yellow Turban Rebellion of China: contributed to final Han overthrow
189-198: Pope Victor I: first Latin Pope, called Council of 190 to determine
  "official" new date of "Easter" but failed, excommunicated Eastern churches
  that continued to observe "Easter" on Nisan 14 "Quartodeciman" (Passover)
190?: Serapion: bishop of Antioch, disputes Gospel of Peter (65-150) [EH6.12]
190?: Heracleon: disciple of Gnostic Valentinus, first commentary on Gospel of
  John (cited by Origen & Clement), wrote: "Tripartite Tractate" (Nag Hammadi)
193: Jan - Mar - Jun: Pertinax - Didius Julianus: Roman emperors, assassinated
193-211: Septimius Severus: emperor of Rome, b.146, persecuted Christians ...
196: Polycrates: bishop of Ephesus, supported Quartodecimans in "Easter"
  controversy v. Pope Victor (190) [ANF = Ante-Nicene Fathers, Eerdmans, v.8]
198-217: Pope Zephyrinus; also 1st antipope Natalius? [Ecc. Hist. 5.28.8-12]
::::::::::::::
ce2
::::::::::::::
[200-640ce (conversion era):              last revision: 14Sep95   lines: 517]
200?: Theodotion: Greek convert to Judaism, makes revision of LXX (Septuagint)
200?: Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8
200?: Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15;5:20-22,25-28;26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33
200?: Sahidic Coptic cop(sa) Bible translations written in Alexandria
200?: Hypostasis [hidden spiritual reality] of the Archons (Nag Hammadi)
200?: Valentinian Exposition: 24.23: Son is hypostasis of Father (Nag Hammadi)
200?: Corpus Hermeticum: Alexandrian quasi-Neo-Platonism [ISBN:0-87773-338-4]
200?: Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types: Jn
  1:1-6:11,35-7:52;8:12-14:26,29-30;15:2-26;16:2-4,6-7,10-20:20,22-23,25-21:9
200?: Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14-15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus;
  Lk3:18-22,33-4:2,34-5:10,37-6:4,10-7:32,35-39,41-43,46-9:2,4-17:15,19-18:18;
  22:4-24:53;  Jn1:1-7:52;8:12-11:45,48-57;12:3-13:1,8-9;14:8-30;15:7-8
200?: Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, "Alexandrian" text-type: Rm5:17-6:3,5-14
  ;8:15-25,27-35,37-9:32;10:1-11:22,24-33,35-15:9,11-16:27;Hb1:1-9:16,18-10:20
  ,22-30,32-13:25;1Cr1:1-9:2,4-14:14,16-15:15,17-16:22;2Cr1:1-11:10,12-21,23-
  13:13;Ep1:1-2:7,10-5:6,8-6:6,8,20-24;Gl1:1-8,10-2:9,12-21;3:2-29;4:2-18,20-5
  :17,20-6:8,10-18;Ph1:1,5-15,17-28,30-2:12,14-27,29-3:8,10-21;4:2-12,14-23;Cl
  1:1-2,5-13,16-24,27-2:19,23-3:11,13-24;4:3-12,16-18;1Th1:1,9-2:3;5:5-9,23-28
201?: Claudius Galen: b.130?, Greek Anatomist: On the Natural Faculties (Loeb)
202?: Irenaeus: bishop of Lyons, supports Quartodecimans in Easter controversy
  against Pope Victor in 190, wrote "Against Heresies" in Greek (lost), extant
  Latin; "... they have apostatized in their opinions from Him who is God, and
  imagined that they have themselves discovered more than the apostles, by
  finding out another god; & that the apostles preached the Gospel still some-
  what under the influence of Jewish opinions, but that they themselves are
  purer, and more intelligent, than the apostles." [AH3.12.12,ANF,v.1]
210-240: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Sepphoris Galilee
211: Feb: Geta: emperor of Rome, son of Severus, murdered by brother Caracalla
211-217: Caracalla: emperor of Rome, b.188, ruthless brute, assassinated
212: "Civis Romanus sum!": Roman citizenship for all free men of the empire
217-222-230-236: Pope Callistus I - Pope Urban I - Pope Pontian
217-235: antipope Saint Hippolytus: bishop of Rome, "Logos" sect [ANF,v.5]
217: April 8 - May 16: Macrinus: emperor of Rome, murdered by Heliogabalus
217: Judah Ha-Nasi: b.135?, "Rabbi", codified Mishnah (220?)
217: Gaius: (Caius) presbyter of Rome, anti-Montanist, wrote "Dialogue against
  Proclus", rejected Gospel of John, Hebrews, Rev. [Canon NT, Metzger; ANFv.5]
217: Clement: bishop of Alexandria, b.153, pagan philosopher convert, cites
  Alexandrian NT text-type & Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians,
  wrote: "Exhortations", "Paedagogus", "Stromata" (Loeb Classics) [ANF,v.2]
218-222: Heliogabalus: (Elagabalus), emperor of Rome, b.204, boy priest
  promoted Syrian sun-god Elagabal & meteorite brought to Rome, assassinated
220-589: Six Dynasties period of China: capital Nanjing
220-264: Three Kingdoms period of China: Wu, Wei, Shu Han
220: Goths invade Asia Minor and Balkans
220?: Mishnah: Torah teachings, Halakhah (Oral Law), Hillel/Akiva/Meir/Judah
222-235: Alexander Severus: emperor of Rome, halted Christian persecutions
223?: Tertullian: convert to Montanism(155?) in 207, cites rumor Jesus son of
  prostitute [Spectaculis 30.6], coined "New Testament", advocated exclusion
  of women from priesthood, wrote: Father, Son, Holy Spirit are 1 substantia
  yet 3 persona, cites "Western" text-type; wrote in Latin (Loeb) [ANF,v.3,4]
225?: Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty, Gospels (Caesarean), Acts (Alexandrian):
  Mt20:24-32;21:13-19;25:41-26:39; Mk4:36-40;5:15-26,38-6:3,16-25,36-50;7:3-15
  ,25-8:1,10-26,34-9:9,18-31;11:27-12:1,5-8,13-19,24-28; Lk6:31-41,45-7:7;9:26
  -41,45-10:1,6-22,26-11:1,6-25,28-46,50-12:12,18-37,42-13:1,6-24,29-14:10,17-
  33; Jn10:7-25,30-11:10,18-36,42-57; Ac4:27-36;5:10-21,30-39;6:7-7:2,10-21,32
  -41,52-8:1,14-25,34-9:6,16-27,35-10:2,10-23,31-41;11:2-14,24-12:5,13-22;13:6
  -16,25-36,46-14:3,15-23;15:2-7,19-27,38-16:4,15-21,32-40;17:9-17
225?: Papyrus 967: Chester Beatty 9, Greek Ezekiel 11:25-end, ~Codex Vaticanus
226-241: Ardashir I: Persian emperor, founded Sasanian Empire of Persia (till
  640), conquered Mesopotamia in 230, Zoroastrianism state religion ...
230-258: Council of Rome: Bishop Demetrius of Alexandria condemns Origen (253)
236-237-250,251-253: Pope Anterus - Pope Fabian - Pope Cornelius
236-238: Maximinus: Roman emperor, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting
  Pope Pontian and antipope Saint Hippolytus to Sardinia where they soon die
238: Mar-Jul 9: Gordian I - Gordian II - Balbinus - Pupienus; emperors of Rome
238-244: Gordian III: emperor of Rome at age 13, assassinated
240-640: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Tiberias, Galilee
240-258: Council of Carthage: early Christian council
240?: Commodianus: Early Christian Church Father [ANF=Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.4]
241-272: Shapur I: Persian emperor, captured AsiaMinor, Syria; Valerian in 260
244-249: Philip the Arabian: emperor of Rome, defeated & killed by Decius
248: Rome celebrates 1,000th anniversary (753bce)
248: Origen: (253) writes "Contra Celsum", against Celsus' lost work of 178,
  cites a rumor recorded by Celsus: "Jesus fabricated the account of his birth
  from a virgin. In reality, Jesus' mother was driven out by the carpenter
  husband to whom she was betrothed because she had committed adultery with
  a [Roman] soldier named Panthera [thus the ben Pantere of Jewish sources].
  Left poor and homeless, she gave birth to Jesus in secret. Jesus later spent
  time in Egypt, where he hired himself out as a laborer, learned magic, and
  so came to claim the title of god." [CC1.28-32, Marginal Jew, Meier, p.223]
249-251: Decius: emperor of Rome, large-scale persecution of Christians
250?: Diophantus of Alexandria: wrote first book on algebra: "Arithmetica"
250?: Mandeans: followers of John the Baptist, begin compilation of "Ginza"
250?: Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity
  of Mary; 3Cor; Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover;
  Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18;
250?: Papyrus Chester Beatty: #5:R962: Gn8:13-9:2,24:13-46:33,Enoch91-105;
  #7: I8:18-19:13,38:14-45:5,54:1-60:22; #8: Jr4:30-5:24;
  #10: Dn1-12:13(+Add),Bel4-39,Sus5-end,Esther1:1a-8:6(+Add)
250-400: Tosefta: supplements to the Mishnah (220?)
250-350: Apostolic Constitutions of Orthodox Christianity: #2.36 (p.413):
  Thou shalt observe the Sabbath, on account of Him who ceased from His work
  of creation, but ceased not from His work of providence: it is a rest for
  meditation of the law, not for idleness of the hands. #6.19 (p.458): For He
  nowhere has dissolved the law, as Simon  pretends, but fulfilled it;
  for He says: [Mt5:18,17]. #7.23 (p.469): But keep the Sabbath, & the Lord's
  day festival; because the former is the memorial of the creation, and the
  latter of the resurrection. But there is one only Sabbath to be observed by
  you in the whole year, which is that of our Lord's burial, on which men
  ought to keep a fast, but not a festival.   Approved at Orthodox Synod of
  Trullo in 692 [Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.7,Eerdmans]
251-258: antipope Novatian: no forgiveness for sins after baptism [ANF,v.5]
251-253-253: Gallus - Aemilianus: emperors of Rome, both assassinated
253-260: Valerian: emperor of Rome, notorious persecutor of Christians
253-254-257-258: Pope Lucius I - Pope Stephen I - Pope Sixtus II
253: Origen: b.185?, used Greek Gnostic term "homoousios" [Jesus & God of
  "same substance"]; God is 1 genus of ousia [substance] yet 3 distinct
  species of hypostases [hidden spiritual realities?] of Father, Son, Holy
  Spirit; compiled "Hexapla": 6 versions of Jewish Scriptures side by side:
  Hebrew MT, Hebrew transliterated into Greek, Aquila's Greek translation,
  Symmachus' Greek translation, Origen's revised LXX, Theodotion's revised
  LXX; also Quinta/Sexta/Septima translations; Tetragrammaton in square
  Hebrew script; cites "Alexandrian" & "Caesarean" NT text-types; [ANF,v.4,10]
  According to Eusebius [EH6.8.1-3] Origen castrated himself for Christ due
  to Mt19:12 and disputed authenticity of Pauline Letters {Paul ... did not
  so much as write to all the churches that he taught; and even to those to
  which he wrote he sent but a few lines.} [EH6.25.7(Loeb)]
257: Visigoths and Ostrogoths invade Black Sea area, Franks invade Spain
258: Cyprian: bishop of Carthage, pagan convert, cites "Western" NT text-type,
  claims Christians are freely forging his letters to discredit him [ANF,v.5]
258: Valerian's Massacre: executes Pope Sixtus II, antipope Novatian, Bishop
  Cyprian of Carthage, and all other Christian Bishops, Priests, and Deacons
260-268: Gallienus: emperor of Rome, reverses Valerian, restores Roman Church
260-268,269-274,275-283-296: Popes Dionysius - Felix I - Eutychian - Gaius
264-268: Council of Antioch: condemned Paul of Samosata: bishop of Antioch and
  founder of Adoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his
  baptism); also condemned use of Gnostic term "homoousios" (see 325)
265-316: Western Jin period of China: China reunited, compass invented in 271
265: Dionysius the Great: bishop of Alexandria, b.200? [ANF,v.6]
268: Goths sack Athens, Sparta, Corinth ...
268-270-270: Claudius II - Quintillus: emperors of Rome
270-275: Aurelian: emperor of Rome, restitutor orbis, vigorously promoted Sol
  Invictus sun-god (continued by Probus & early Constantine) & festival dies
  natalis Solis Invicti (birthday of Invincible Sun) on Dec 25, made Sol the
  official religion & principle patron of the empire, assassinated; {Besides,
  the Sol Invictus had been adopted by the Christians in a Christian sense, as
  demonstrated in the Christ as Apollo-Helios in a musoleum (c.250) discovered
  beneath St. Peter's in the Vatican.} [New Catholic Encyclopedia, v.4, p.227]
270: Plotinus: b.205, Egyptian philosopher, founds Neo-Platonism, Doctrine of
  3 Primal Hypostases: One [To Hen], Mind [Nous], Soul [Psyche]; yet the One
  transcends hypostasis, is prior to hypostasis & beyond being; Loeb:7v(Greek)
274: Dec 25: Roman Temple of Sol Invictus: sun-god, dedicated by Aurelian
275?: Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rv9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-17:2
276-293-302-309: Bahram II - Narses - Hormizd II: Persian emperors, decline
276: Tacitus: emperor of Rome, dies at Tyana, Florian next, killed at Tarsus
276-282-283: Marcus Aurelius Probus - Marcus Aurelius Carus; emperors of Rome
277: Mani: b.216, crucified?, founder of Manichaean Christian sect in Persia
280: Anatolius of Alexandria: bishop of Laodicea, b.230 [ANF,v.6]
283: Carinus: Western Roman emperor; Numerian: Eastern Roman emperor
284: Diocletian: (Diocles), Eastern Roman emperor, defeats and kills Carinus
285-305: Diocletian: emperor of Rome, notorious persecutor of Christians, in
  286 divides empire into West & East, in 293 each divided into 2 admin. units
285: Pappus of Alex. describes 5 machines: cogwheel/lever/pulley/screw/wedge
294: Codex Gregorianus: a compilation of Roman law
296-304: Pope Marcellinus: apostate, offered pagan sacrifice for Diocletian
300?: Bohairic Coptic cop(bo) Bible translations written in Alexandria
300?: Hesychius of Alex.: martyr, translates Hebrew OT to Greek, lost [Jerome]
300?: Kama Sutra: doctrine of sacred sex by Vatsayan Mallagana of Benares
300?: Katayayana: a compilation of Indian law
300?: Paris Magical Papyrus: a compilation of writings on magic in Greek
300?: Papyrus Berlin Codex of Greek Genesis; Papyrus Bodmer 24 of Greek
  Psalms; Codex Freer of Greek Minor Prophets; all published in 1927
300?: other 3rd century NT witnesses: P1:Mt1:1-9,12,14-20 P4:Lk1:58-59,62-2:1,
  6-7;3:8-4:2,29-32,34-35;5:3-8,30-6:16 P5:Jn1:23-31,33-40;16:14-30;20:11-17,
From ???@??? Sun Oct 08 20:37:15 1995
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From: Paul Harvey 
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Subject: Re: INDEX
To: ric@sonic.net (ric carter)
Date: Mon, 9 Oct 1995 17:26:30 -0700 (PDT)
In-Reply-To: <199510092125.OAA30882@sonic.net> from "ric carter" at Oct 9, 95 02
:25:37 pm
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  19-20,22-25 P9:1Jn4:11-12,14-17 P12:Hb1:1 P15:1Cr7:18-8:4 P20:Jm2:19-3:9
  P22:Jn15:25-16:2,21-32 P23:Jm1:10-12,15-18 P27:Rm8:12-22,24-27,33-9:3,5-9
  P28:Jn6:8-12,17-22 P29:Ac26:7-8,20 P30:1Th4:12-13,16-17;5:3,8-10,12-18,25-28
  ;2Th1:1-2 P38:Ac18:27-19:6,12-16 P39:Jn8:14-22 P40:Rm1:24-27,31-2:3;3:21-4:8
  ;6:4-5:16;9:16-17:27 P48:Ac23:11-17,23-29 P49:Ep4:16-29,31-5:13 P53:Mt26:29-
  40;Ac9:33-10:1 P65:1Th1:3-2:1,6-13 P69:Lk22:41,45-48,58-61 P70:Mt2:13-16,22-
  3:1;11:26-27;12:4-5;24:3-6,12-15 P80:Jn3:34 P87:Pm13-15,24-25
  #0171:Mt10:17-23,25-32;Lk22:44-56,61-64 #0189:Ac5:3-21 #0220:Rm4:23-5:3,8-13
  #0212(Diatessaron):Mt27:56-57;Mk15:40-42;Lk23:49-51,54;Jn19:38
301?: Christianity state religion of Armenia by Saint Gregory the Illuminator
303-312: Diocletian's Massacre: Edict of Emperor Diocletian against Christians 
304: Porphyry: b.233, Neoplatonic philosopher, wrote: "Adversus Christianos"
306-337: Emperor Constantine the Great: converts to Christianity on deathbed
306-312: Maxentius: co-emperor (Augusti) of Western Roman Empire
306-308: Pope Marcellus I: tried removing prior Pope Marcellinus from official
  records for apostasy, exiled from Rome by Maxentius for disturbing the peace
306: Council of Elvira: prohibits eating/marriage/sex between Christian & Jew
309-379: Shapur II the Great: Persian emperor, regained lost ground from Rome,
  ordered "Avesta" compilation of Zoroastrian texts back to ~1,000bce
310: Pope Eusebius: deported to Sicily with antipope Heraclius by Maxentius
311-313: Licinius and Maximin Daia: co-emperors (Augusti) of Eastern Empire
311-314: Pope Miltiades: given Fausta's palace as papal residence by Constan-
  tine; excommunicated Donatus in 313 for requiring rebaptism of apostates
312: Lucian: founded Exegetical School of Antioch, revised LXX, martyred
312: Methodius: Early Church Father, martyred [ANF=Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.6]
312: Oct 28: Constantine invades Rome and defeats Maxentius at Milvian Bridge
313-324: Licinius: defeated Maximin Daia, sole emperor (Augustus) of East
313: Edict of Milan: Constantine establishes toleration of Christianity
314-335,336-337-352-366: Popes Silvester I - Mark - Julius I - Liberius
314: Council of Arles: called by Constantine against Donatist (Donatus) schism
315: Arch of Constantine: erected in Rome
320-335: Chandragupta I: founded Gupta dynasty of northern India (320-495)
320: Ko Hung of China writes "Pao-p'u-tzu" (Master Who Preserves Simplicity)
321: Constantine decrees SUNday (dies Solis) as Roman day of rest [CJ3.12.2]
324: Constantine defeats and executes Licinius, becomes sole emperor
325: May-Aug: Council of Nicaea: 1st Ecumenical, called by Constantine, ~300
  bishops decreed 20 canons; Constantine proposed condemned Gnostic term (264)
  "homoousios" (Jesus & God of SAME substance) causing "Homoiousians" schism
  (Jesus & God of LIKE substance) led by Meletius of Antioch, Cyril of Jeru-
  salem, Basil of Ancyra; by 19June still 18 bishops refused to sign but under
  Constantine's threats only Arius, Secundus, Theonas held out and were exiled
325?: Fayyumic Coptic cop(mf) translation fragment of John 6:11-15:11
325-900: Teotihuacan: ancient Mexican city
330: capital of Roman Empire moved to Constantinople (former Greek Byzantium)
330: Lactantius: Early Christian Church Father, b.260 [ANF,v.7]
330: Iamblichus: b.245, Syrian Neoplatonic philosopher
334-365: Codex Hermogenianus: a compilation of Roman law
335-376-414: Samudragupta - Chandragupta II: Gupta dynasty of northern India
335: July: Council of Tyre: condemns bishop Athanasius of Alexandria (362,373)
335: Council of Jerusalem: reversed Council of Nicaea's condemnation of Arius
336: Arius: Greek theologian, b.256?, Arianism:Father is only true God[Jn17:3]
  Jesus is firstborn of all creation[Col1:15], Logos(Word) was created[Pr8:22]
337-361: Constantius II: emperor of East @21, Arianism official state religion
337-350: Constans: co-emperor of West @14, killed in Revolt of Magnentius
337-340: Constantine II: co-emperor of West @20, defeated & killed by Constans
338: Judaism standardizes 19-year cycle lunisolar calendar
339?: Eusebius: bishop of Caesarea, b.260?, cites "Caesarean" NT text-type,
  wrote: "Ecclesiastical History" (EH); Loeb Classics: 2 volumes (Greek);
  quoting Papias bishop of Hierapolis (130?): {"And the Presbyter  used to say this, 'Mark became Peter's interpreter and wrote
  accurately all that he remembered, not, indeed, in order, of the things said
  or done by the Lord. For he had not heard the Lord, nor had he followed him,
  but later on, as I said, followed Peter, who used to give teaching as
  necessity demanded but not making, as it were, an arrangement of the Lord's
  oracles, so that Mark did nothing wrong in thus writing down single points
  as he remembered them. For to one thing he gave attention, to leave out
  nothing of what he had heard and to make no false statements in them.'" This
  is related by Papias about Mark, and about Matthew this was said, "Matthew
  collected the oracles in the Hebrew language , and each interpreted
  them as best he could."}[EH3.39.14-16(Loeb)]; Eusebius' NT Canon [EH3.3,25]:
  Recognized: 4 Holy Gospels, Acts, 10 Pauline Letters, 1-2Tim, Tit, 1Pt, 1Jn;
  Disputed: Didache, Barnabas, Hermas, Diatessaron, Jewish-Christian Gospels,
    Hebrews, Acts of Paul, James, 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev, Apocalypse of Peter
  Rejected: Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias, Acts of Andrew, John ...
343: Council of Sardica: decreed 20 canons (laws)
350?: Papyrus Antinoopolis: of Book of Proverbs in Greek, published in 1950
350?: Papyrus Bodmer 45-46: Greek Susanna, Daniel 1:1-20 (Theodotion's LXX)
350?: Akhmimic cop(ac) & Sub-Akhmimic cop(ac2) Coptic translations of John
350?: Ulfilas: apostle to the Goths (Germans), translates Greek NT to Gothic
350?: Nag Hammadi Codices: Coptic Gnostic Library, 12 papyrus codices, 1945
350?: Old Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels: Syr(s) & Syr(c), of "Western" text-type
350?: Canon Muratorian: 4 Gospels, Acts, 10 Pauline Letters, 1-2Tim, Titus,
  1-2Jn, Jude, Wisdom; disputes 3Jn, Rev, Apoc. of Peter, Hermas [ANF,v.5]
350?: Doctrine of Addai: Syriac account of founding of Christianity in Edessa
  by Addai (=Thaddeus); Canon of Diatessaron,Acts,10Paul,1-2Tim,Tit,Heb,3Cor
350?: Papyrus Chester Beatty: #4:R961: Greek Gn9:1-44:22; #11: Greek Sir36:28-
  37:22,46:6-47:2; #12: Greek Enoch93:12-13,94:7-8,97:6-104:13,106:1-107:3
350?: Codex Sinaiticus (S or ): earliest Christian Bible,
  (LXX - 2-3Maccabees - Psalms of Solomon + 27NT + Barnabas + Hermas),
  missing Hermas31.7-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type
350?: Codex Vaticanus (B): earliest Christian Bible (LXX - Maccabees - Psalms
  of Solomon + 23NT???), missing Gn1-46:28, Ps105:27-137:6, 1Tm-Phm,
  Heb9:14-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type
350?: Comma Johanneum: "in heaven, the Father, the Word, & the Holy Ghost: &
  these 3 are 1. & there are 3 that bear witness in earth," [1Jn5:7b-8a(KJV)];
  1st found in the Latin book "Liber Apologeticus" by the Gnostic Priscillian,
  found in only 4 Greek manuscripts!, none prior to 11th century!
355-365: antipope Felix II: supported by Constantius II (Arian)
357: 2nd Council "Blasphemy" of Sirmium: condemned Council of Nicaea (Anomean)
359: Double Council of Rimini-Seleucia: Dated Creed (Homoean)
361-363: Emperor Julian "the Apostate": Pagan revival, assassin.; Loeb:3v (Gk)
360: Huns invade Europe, scrolls begin to be replaced by books (Codex)
360?: Canon Cheltenham: (aka Mommsen's), claims 24OT+24NT based on Rev4:4,
  OT,Ps151,Tobit,Judith,1-2Mac,4Gospels,Acts,10Paul,1-2Tim,Tit,1-2Pt,1-3Jn,Rev
362: Athanasius' Council of Alexandria: decreed God is 3 hypostases
363-364: Jovian: emperor of united Roman Empire
364-375: Valentinian I: emperor of West, appointed brother Valens to East
364-378: Valens: emperor of East, Arian, tolerant of Pagans and Jews
365: Acacius: bishop of Caesarea, Homoeans: Son is homoios (like) Father
365?: Council of Laodicea: in Phrygia; decreed 59 canons: #16 (p.133): The
  Gospels are to be read on the Sabbath [i.e. Saturday], with the other
  Scriptures. #29 (p.148): Christians must not judaize by resting on the Sab-
  bath, but must work on that day, rather honouring the Lord's Day; &, if they
  can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers,
  let them be anathema from Christ. + #60 (p.159): KJV Canon +Baruch +Epistle
  of Jer. -Rev.[Nicene & Post-N. Fathers:7 Ecum. Councils,2ndS.,v.14,Eerdmans]
366-384: Pope Damasus I: hired thugs to massacre rival Ursinians (Liberians)
366-367: antipope Ursinus: leader of supporters of former Pope Liberius
367-383: Gratian: emperor of West, persecuted pagans with Ambrose, assassinat.
370: Aetius: Christian bishop, Syntagmation: "God is agennetos (unbegotten)"
373: Athanasius: bishop of Alexandria, b.295, Festal Letter 39 (367) Canon of
  OT,Baruch,EpJer,Tobit,Judith,Wisdom,Sirach,Didache,Hermas,27NT [N&PNF,s2,v4]
375-387,388-392: Valentinian II: emperor of West, assassinated
376: Photinus: bishop of Sirmium: Jesus was a man adopted by the Father as Son
378-395: Theodosius the Great: last united Roman emperor; 27Feb390: Nicene
  Christianity declared official state religion; 390: riot and massacre at
  Thessalonica; 391: anti-Pagan Edicts; 395: Olympics halted
379?: Basil the Great: b.330?, Greek Bishop of Caesarea; Loeb: 4 v.
380?: Canon 85: of Apostolic Constitutions (see 250-350): OT, Judith, Sirach,
  1-3Macc, Didache, 1-2Clement, 26NT (exc. Rev), lists itself also [ANF,v.7]
381: May-July: Council of Theodosius at Constantinople: 2d Ecumenical, called
  against Bishop Macedonius of Const., 4-7 canons?, Jesus had true human soul?
382: Council of Rome: by Pope Damasus, had Jerome begin Latin Bible revision,
  rejected 381 Council of Theodosius (not accepted till Lyons II in 1274),
  decreed Canon of OT,Tobit,Judith,Wisdom,Sirach,1-2Macc,27NT? [disputed]
384: Jerome presents Pope Damasus I with new Latin Gospels, originals lost
384-399-401: Pope Siricius (criticized Jerome) - Pope Anastasius I
385: Tao-an: b.312, Chinese Buddhist philosopher
386?: Cyril: archbishop of Jerusalem, cites "Caesarean" text-type[N&PNF,s2,v7]
390: Apollinaris of Laodicea: b.310, Jesus is human body and divine spirit
393: Augustine's Council of Hippo: decreed P. Damasus' Canon [N&PNF,s2,v14]
394-419: Augustine's Council of Carthage: decreed 138 canons (laws)
394: Council of Constantinople: called by Bishop Nectarius
395-410: Alaric: Visigoth king, sacks Athens in 396, Rome on 23Aug410
395: Ausonius: b.310?, Christian governor of Gaul; Loeb Classics 2v (Latin)
395?: Ammianus Marcellinus: b.330?, Christian historian, wrote: "Res gestae"
397: Ambrose: b.339?, bishop & governor of Milan, wrote: "de Fide" ...
397: Ling-pao ching writes "Book of the Sacred Jewel", Taoist philosophy
399-421-459: Yazdigird I - Bahram V: Persian emperors
400-600: era of "aggressive forgeries" in Christian texts [Grant,JTS,1960]
400?: Palestinian Talmud (Mishnah (Oral Law) + Gemara (Mishnah commentary))
400?: Pericope of the Adulteress: John 7:53-8:11, added to Bible [Jerome,(D)]
400?: Codex Vercellensis it(a): Latin Gospels, of "European" text-type
400?: Ethiopic Bible: in Ge'ez, 81 books, standard Ethiopian Christian Bible
400?: Peshitta Bible: Syriac (Aramaic) Vulgate, Syr(p), OT + 22NT, excludes:
  2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; Peshitta becomes standard Syrian Christian Bible
400?: Vulgate Bible: (Hebrew OT ->Latin, Greek NT ->Latin), by Jerome? (419?),
  originals lost, Vulgate Latin Text becomes standard Roman Catholic Bible
400?: early Christian Canon Law: in Greek, 20 from Nicaea (325), 25 from
  Ancyra (314), 15 from Neocaesarea (315), 20 from Gangra (325?), 25 from
  Antioch (341), 59 from Laodicea (365?)[Nicene&P.N. Fathers:7 Ecum. Councils]
400?: Codex Bobiensis it(k): ~half of Mt/Mk in Latin, "African" (Carthage)
  text-type, has "shorter" ending of Mark after Mk16:8: {But they reported
  briefly to Peter & those with him all that they had been told. & after this
  Jesus himself sent out by means of them, from east to west, the sacred and
  imperishable proclamation of eternal slavation.} [Text.Com., Metzger, p.123]
400?: Jerome cites "expanded" ending of Mark found in (W) after Mk16:14: {And
  they excused themselves, saying, "This age of lawlessness and unbelief is
  under Satan, who does not allow the truth & power of God to pervail over the
  unclean things of the spirits [or does not allow what lies under the unclean
  spirits to understand the truth & power of God]. Therefore reveal thy right-
  eousness now" - thus they spoke to Christ. And Christ replied to them, "The
  term of years of Satan's power has been fulfilled, but other terrible things
  draw near. And for those who have sinned I was delivered over to death, that
  they many inherit the spirtual & incorruptible glory of righteousness which
  is in heaven."} [A Textual Commentary on the Greek NT, Bruce Metzger, p.124]
401-417: Pope Innocent I: decreed Roman Custom the norm for Roman Catholicism,
  in Letter #6 (to Exuperius) lists Canon of OT,Tobit,Judith,1-2Macc,27NT
403: Epiphanius: bishop of Salamis, Cyprus; b.315, in 370 cites Canon of OT,
  Baruch, Epistle of Jeremiah, Wisdom, Sirach, 27NT [Heresies 8.6, 76.5 ...]
405-411: Fa-hsien: Chinese Buddhist visits India
405?: Prudentius: b.348, greatest Christian Latin poet; Loeb Classics: 2 vols.
406-407: Franks invade Gaul, Roman retreat from Britain (begun in 383)
406: Armenian Bible: translation by St. Mesrop [Life of Mesrop]
407: Saint John Chrysostom: of Antioch, famous anti-Semite [Nicene&P.N.Father]
408-450-457-474: Theodosius II - Marcian - Leo I: emperors of East
408?: Claudian: b.370?, Alexandrian Latin poet: "Rape of Prosperine" ; Loeb:2v
409: Vandals, Alans and Sueves invade Spain; Visigoths invade in 416
413: Kumarajira: b.334, Chinese Buddhist philosopher
414-454: Kumaragupta I: Gupta dynasty of northern India, invaded by White Huns
414: Sheng-chao: b.384, Chinese Buddhist philosopher, wrote: "Chao-lun"
415: March: Saint Cyril Archbishop of Alexandria d.444: had monks murder woman
  philosopher & mathematician Hypatia by scraping off skin with oyster shells;
  expelled Jews; persecuted Novatianists; [Gibbon's Decline & Fall, v2, p816];
  coined "hypostatic union": Christ is 2 phuseis [natures] yet 1 hypostasis
416?: C.R. Namatianus: last Pagan Latin poet, wrote: "de Reditu Suo"
417: Hui-yuan: b.334, Chinese Buddhist philosopher
417-418-422-432-440: Popes Zosimus - Boniface I - Celestine I - Sixtus III
418-419: antipope Eulalius
419?: Saint Jerome: S.E. Hieronymus, b.347?, Christian Latin scholar; (Loeb)
425?: "Way to Purity": Buddhist doctrine written by Buddhaghosa of Ceylon
427?: Ashi: head of Sura Yeshiva, "Rabbana", began compilation of Bab. Talmud
429: Picts, Scots, Celts expelled from southern England by Anglo-Saxon-Jutes
429: Vandals invade north Africa, capture Carthage in 439
430: St. Augustine of Hippo: b.354, Gnostic (Manichaean) convert to Christian-
  ity, origin of "Original Sin"; "City of God", "Confessions"; Loeb:10v(Latin)
431: Syrian Christianity splits into East (Nestorians) and West (Jacobites)
431: June-Aug: Council of Ephesus: 3rd Ecumenical, called by Emperor
  Theodosius II against Nestorius (451), decreed 6-8 canons? (laws), decreed
  Mary to be "Mother of God" (Theotokos) [cf. Artemis of Ephesus]
432: Saint Patrick: 385-461, "Apostle of Ireland", begins mission to Ireland
434-453: Attila: king of the Huns, b.406?, "Scourge of the Gods"
434: Chu Tao-sheng: b.360?, Chinese Buddhist philosopher
438: Codex Theodosianus: a compilation of Roman law
440-461-468-483-492: Popes Leo I the Great - Hilarus - Simplicius - Felix III
449: Aug: "Robber" Council of Ephesus: called by Theodosius II (Monophysite)
450?: Mark's Resurrection of Jesus: Mark 16:9-20, added to Bible [(A),(D)]
450?: Socrates: Greek Church Historian, wr: Ecclesiastical History of 305-439
450?: Sozomen: Greek Church Historian, wr: Ecclesiastical History of 324-439
450?: Codex Alexandrinus (A): (LXX + 14_Church_Odes + 27NT + 1-2Clement),
  missing 1K12:17-14:9, Ps49:20-79:11, Psalms of Solomon, Mt1-25:6, Jn6:50-
  8:52, 2Cr4:13-12:6, 1Clement57.7-63.4, 2Clement12.5b-end; "Alexandrian" type
450?: Codex Bezae (D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus (W):
  Greek Gospels; both of "Western" text-type: "fondness for paraphrase"
450?: Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus (C): Greek LXX + 27NT, many gaps
450?: Codex Marchalianus (Q): Greek LXX + Luke + John, many gaps
450?: Codex Ambrosianus (F): Gk Gen-Josh; Codex Freer: Gk Deut. & Joshua
450?: Codex Colberto-Sarravianus: Origen's Greek Hexapla LXX of Gen-Judg
450?: Codex Palatinus it(e): Latin Gospels, "African" (Carthage) text-type
450?: Codex Veronensis it(b): Latin Gospels, "European/Vulgate" text-type
450?: Syr(pal): Palestinian Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, of "Caesarean" text-type
450?: std. Aramaic Targums: T. Onkelos of Torah, T. Jonathan of Prophets
450?: Bodhidharma: founded Zen Buddhism in India, brought to China
451: Battle of Avarayr: Persia defeats Armenia, tries to force Zoroastrianism
451: Archbishop Nestorius of Constantinople: Mary was *not* "Mother of God" &
  Christ is 2 phuseis [natures] and 2 hypostases [hidden spiritual realities?]
451: Oct-Nov: Council of Chalcedon: 4th Ecumenical, called by Emperor Marcian,
  condemned Council of Ephesus of 449, decreed 8-30 canons?, Nicene Creed ...;
  God is 1 ousia [substance] yet 3 hypostases [hidden spiritual realities?];
  Pope Leo I's Tome of 449: Christ is 2 phuseis [2-natures: 1 fully human & 1
  fully divine] yet 1 hypostasis; compromise solution of Jesus god/man schisms
452: Eutyches of Constantinople: Monophysites: Jesus Christ is 1 divine nature
453: Pope Leo I rejects canons of Chalcedon, not accepted till LyonsII in 1274
454-467,475-495: Skandagupta - Budhagupta: Gupta dynasty of northern India
455: Gaiseric king of the Vandals sacks Rome (it was becoming the thing to do)
459-484-531-579: Peroz - Kavadh I - Khusrau I: Persian emperors
470: flowering of Mayan city culture in southern Mexico
476: Sep 4: End of Roman Empire; last emperor: Romulus Augustulus
476-491: Zeno the Isaurian: founder of Byzantine Empire; in 482 decreed
  Patriarch Acacius' "Henotikon" against Pope Leo's "2-natures" causing
  Acacian schism till 519; in 489 destroyed Nestorian school at Edessa
478: first Shinto shrines in Japan
483: Christian Council of Persia adopts Nestorian (451) doctrine
491: Armenian Church secedes from Byzantine and Roman Churches
491-518-527: Anastasius I - Justin I: Byzantine emperors
492-496: Pope Gelasius I: first "Vicar of Christ" [13May495]
496-498-514-523: Pope Anastasius II - Pope Symmachus - Pope Hormisdas
498-499,501-506: antipope Lawrence: Lawrentian schism
498: Nestorians (451) settle in Nisibis, Persia
498: Clovis: king of the Franks (France) baptized into Roman Catholicism
500: Tamo brings tea from India to China
500?: Codex Sangallensis vg: earliest extant Latin Vulgate, Gospels
500?: Codex Argenteus (got): earliest nearly complete Gothic (German), Gospels
500?: Codex Cottonianus: Greek Genesis
502: Narsai of Mealletha: Syrian poet, heads Nestorian school in Nisibis (498)
523-526-530-532: Pope John I - Pope Felix IV - Pope Boniface II
525: Dionysius Exiguus sets Christian calendar (a.d.) & Jesus birth @ 23Dec1ce
525: Boethius: b.475?, Roman Catholic philosopher, wrote: "Theological
  Tractates", "Consolation of Philosophy", wrote in Latin; (Loeb Classics)
527-565: Justinian the Great: Byzantine emperor, empire reaches largest size,
  persecuted Pagans, Jews; 529: closes 900 year old Athens' Academy of Philo-
  sophy as Paganistic; 529-535: "Corpus juris civilis" compilation of Roman
  law by Tribonian; 532: Nika Riot of Blues and Greens, begins Hagia Sophia;
  533: captures N. Africa from Vandals; 535: Belisarius begins reconquest of
  Italy, Council of Clermont excludes Jews from public office; 538: Council of
  Orleans requires Jews to remain indoors during "Passion Week"; 539-562: war
  with Persia; 540: Persians sack Antioch, take Syria; 543: condemns Origen,
  disastrous world earthquakes; 544: condemns "3 Chapters" of Theodore of
  Mopsuestia(d.428) & other "2-natures" Christology of Pope Leo's Tome of 449;
  552-554: Narses defeats Ostrogoths, regains Italy; 552: Christian mission-
  aries sent to China & Ceylon to get silkworm; 553: "Theopaschite Formula"
530: antipope Dioscorus: was elected but P. Felix IV designated P. Boniface II
532-535-536-537: Pope John II - Pope Agapitus I - Pope Silverius
537-555: Pope Vigilius: involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with
  Justinian and Theodora, in June 547 issued "Iudicatum" supporting
  Justinian's anti- "2-natures", excommunicated at Council of Carthage in 550!
542-594: plague begins in Constantinople, *halves* population of Europe!
543: Yu p'ien: Chinese phonetic dictionary using Fan ch'ieh system
546: Codex Fuldensis vg(F): Latin Vulgate, 27NT + Epistle to Laodiceans (100?)
550-1453: Medieval Greek of Constantinople (Byzantium) becomes standard Greek
550: Byzantine Greek Text: Greek Orthodox Bible, much smoothing & conflation
550: St. David converts Wales to Christianity, crucifix becomes Christian icon
550?: Codex Mediolanensis vg(M): Latin Vulgate Gospels
550?: Codex Veronensis: Greek & Old Latin Psalms
550?: "Book of Taliesin": Welsh poems by Taliesin
550?: Codex Claromontanus (Dp): Greek/Latin Pauline Letters, includes Canon
  of ~350: OT,Tobit,Judith,Wisdom,Sirach,1-2-4Macc,Barnabas,Hermas,4 Gospels,
  Acts,7 Pauline Letters (excludes Philippians & 1-2Thess),1-2Tim,Tit,Acts of
  Paul,James,1-2Pt,1-3Jn,Jude,Rev,Apocalypse of Peter; "Western" text-type
552: Emperor Shotoko Taishi introduces Zen Buddhism into Japan
553: May-July: 2nd Council of Constantinople: 5th Ecumenical, by Justinian
556-561: Pope Pelagius I: selected by Justianian, endorsed "Iudicatum"
561-574: Pope John III: authorized by Justianian
565-578-582-602-610: JustinII, TiberiusII, Maurice, Phocas: Byzantine emperors
568-571: Lombards invade northern Italy, convert to Roman Catholicism in 589
572-628: war between Byzantine Empire and Persian Empire
575-579: Pope Benedict I: authorized by Justin II
579-590-604: Pope Pelagius II (died of plague) - Pope Gregory I the Great
589-618: Sui dynasty of China: reunited China, Grand Canal, book printing...
589: 3rd Council of Toledo: Visigoth king Reccared of Spain renounces Arianism
 and converts to Roman Catholicism; filioque added to Latin Nicene Creed?
590-628: Khusrau II: Persian emperor; 611-614: captures Antioch, Damascus,
  Tarsus, Jerusalem, "Holy Cross of Christ"; Egypt in 619; assassinated
595: 1st authenticated record of decimal number system (0-9) appears in India
596: St. Augustine of Canterbury: sent to convert England to Roman Catholicism
600: Babylonian Talmud (Mishnah(Oral Law) + Gemara(Mishnah commentary)); Ashi
600: Antara ibn Shaddad: one of seven great Islamic poets
600?: Codex Harleianus vg(Z): Latin Vulgate Gospels
600?: Codex Philoxenian/Harclean Syr(ph/h): Syriac 27NT, "Western" text-type
601: Ch'ieh yun: Chinese phonetic dictionary of Northern Chinese dialect
604-606-607-615: Popes Sabinian, Boniface III, Boniface IV: author. by Phocas
606-647: Harsavardhana of Kanauj: reunites northern India
606: standard examinations for public office in China
609: Roman Pantheon (a Pagan Temple) renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda
610-641: Heraclius: Byzantine emperor; 627: defeats Persians at Nineveh and
  discovers Indian sugar cane; 628: recovers "Holy Cross of Christ"; 629:
  defeats Muslims at Battle of Mu'ta, recovers Jerusalem till 638; 636:
  defeated by Muslims in Syria at Battle of Yarmuk River; 638: decrees
  Patriarch Sergius' "Ecthesis" (Monothelites: Christ of one will)
615-618,619-625: Popes Deusdedit, Boniface V: authorized by Heraclius
616: Syro-Hexaplar: Syriac translation of Origen's Hexapla Septuagint
618-907: Tang dynasty of China: inc. Korea/Manchuria/Mongolia/Tibet/Turkistan
619: Suan-Ching: Ten Classics, textbooks used for Chinese exams (606)
625-638: Pope Honorius I: condemned at 6th Ecumenical in 680! (Monothelites)
625: Paulinus of Rome begins conversion of Northumbria to Roman Catholicism
625: Brahmagupta: mathematician of India, teaches at Ujjain
626: King Edwin of Northumbria founds Edinburgh and begins Christianization
632-651: Yazdigird III: last Sasanian emperor of Persia, invaded by Islam
632: Jun 8: Muhammad: b. 570?, Arab prophet, founder of Islam, marries Khadija
  his benefactor, 1st disciple, 1st wife in 595, Mt.Hira vision in 610, begins
  preaching at Mecca in 612, earliest records of some of his teachings is 615,
  expelled from Mecca, establishes following at Medina (Yathrib) in 622 = year
  1 in Muslim lunar calendar: Hijra (Hegira) (a.h.=anno hegirae), marries 3rd
  wife Aisha daughter of Abu Bakr in 624, captures Mecca in Jihad (Holy War)
  and writes to rulers of world in 630 ... Qur'an (Koran) ...
632-634: Abu Bakr: b.573, first Islamic Caliph, seat at Medina
632: East Anglia converted to Roman Catholicism, Wessex in 635, Irish in 636
634-644: 'Umar I: 2d Caliph; 634:Syria, 638:Jerusalem, 639:Egypt, 642:Persia
635-750: Damascus becomes capital of Islamic Caliphs
640: Pope Severinus
640: Library of Alexandria: "The Center of Western Culture," with 300,000
  ancient papyrus scrolls, is completely destroyed.
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