:::::::::::::: bce1 :::::::::::::: [10,000-601bce (before conversion era): last revision: 8Apr95 lines: 286] 10,000: Neolithic Age: domestication of plants/animals/earth/humans, in Meso- potamia/SE Asia/Mexico, Ice Age glaciers retreat, Mediterranean climate (dry summer) develops in Med/Cali/SW Aus/Chile/S Af, deserts appear in subtropics 8000: Copper Age: begins in Middle East, hybrid wheats develop 7000: Jericho first walled (30hectares=74acres) & tower built with flint tools first rain agricultural and herding villages appear in Subartu (Assyria) 6000: Ubaid period: villages appear in Akkad/Uri & Sumer/Kiengir (Babylonia) 5000: copper extracted from ores in Persia & Afghanistan; agriculture in China 4500-3500: Uruk period: 1st cities in Sumer: Eridu (12h), Ur (10h), Uruk (70h) 4000: Bronze Age: begins in Middle East; earliest Sumerian writing on clay, white pottery in Egypt, multi-colored ceramics in Central Asia and China 3761: Oct 7: year 1 of Jewish calendar: year of creation (1a.m.= 1 anno mundi) 3600: Troy I: (Hisarlik, Turkey) founded 3500: temples: Al Ubaid & Janna @Eridu, White @Uruk; Mes-Kalam-Dug tomb nr. Ur 3400: earliest Egyptian hieroglyphic writing 3114: Aug 13: zero (origin) in Mayan calender [G-M-T] 3100-2500: period of Archaic Sumerian Cuneiform literature 3100-2890: 1st Dynasty: Menes(Narmer?) unites Egypt, founds Memphis, mythical? 3000-2500: Semites invade Subartu (Assyria); Phoenicians at Tyre/Sidon/Byblos; 1st settlements @Crete; European Danubian culture; Pepi's papyrus: "Instruc- tions to a Son"; early astronomy in Egypt/Sumer/India/China; Sumerian base 6 & 12 numbers, metal coins, city states: Kish/Uruk/Ur/Sippar/Akshak/Larak/ Nippur/Adab/Umma/Lagash/Bad-tibira/Larsa; wheel-horse-chariot in cent. Asia 2900: Fuxi (Fu Hsi): 1st Chinese ruler, mythical?, taught domestication ... 2800: Etana of Kish unites Sumerian city-states after "Great Flood", mythical? 2700-2200: Old Kingdom of Egypt: age of the pyramids 2650: Pharaoh Zoser: minister Imhotep built 1st step pyramid, at Saqqara, 61m 2630-2600: Men-barage-si: king of Kish(Kishi), disarmed Elam on eastern border 2613-2589: Pharaoh Snefru: built first true pyramid at Dashur, conquered Sinai 2600: Gilgamesh: king of Uruk, "built the walls", Epic of Gilgamesh (see 1200) 2589-2566: Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops): built Great Pyramid at Giza, 137m tall 2558-2533: Pharaoh Khafre: 2nd great pyramid and Great Sphinx at Giza 2500-1500: Indus valley civilization in India: Mohenjo-daro, Harappa ... 2500-2000: Egypt: libraries, Isis/Osiris resurrection cult, Ra sun god temple at Heliopolis, 12-month/365-day calendar without solar/lunar adjust; Minoan Crete: snake/bull cult; Akkad/Sumer: mapped, Ishtar/Inanna cult, lunisolar 12-month calendar of alternating 29/30 days each beginning on new crescent plus annual adjust to solar; China: painted and black pottery, 5-tone music scale, equinox & solstice calculated, lunisolar calendar; cotton in Peru 2500-2300: Classical Sumerian Cuneiform literature: largely records of Lagash 2500-2300: Yao period of China 2500: Pharaoh Menkaure: built 3rd and last great pyramid at Giza 2494-2465: Ur-Nanshe: king of Lagash, border fights with Umma 2480-2461: Mes-Ane-pada: king of Ur, also "king of Kish" = controlled Sumer? 2466-2455: Akurgal: king of Lagash, son of Ur-Nanshe, lost ground to Umma 2454-2425-2405: Eannatum - Enannatum: kings of Lagash, sons of Akurgal 2450-1850: period of Early Akkadian (Akkade) Cuneiform literature 2421-2410-2401: Elulu - Balulu: kings of Ur 2404-2375: Entemena: king of Lagash, dug irrigation canal to Tigris river ... 2400-2391: Shagkush-anna: king of Ur, "Priest King of Sumer, King of Nation" 2400-2391: Gish-Shag-ki-dug: king of Umma 2380-2361: Lugal-kinishe-dudu: king of Umma, controlled Ur&Uruk, Lagash treaty 2351-2340: Uru-inim-gina: (Uru-Ka-gina), king of Lagash, reforms, early law? 2350: town of Ai destroyed and abandoned (Hebrew 'ay:H5857 implies 'a ruin') 2340-2316: Lugal-zage-si: king of Umma, sacked Lagash, "King of the Countries" 2340-2315: Sargon: king of Akkad, conquered Sumer, "King of the Four Quarters" 2315-2307: Rimush: king of Akkad, reign of terror, raided Elam, assassinated 2306-2292: Manishtusu: king of Akkad, lost southern Sumer, assassinated 2300-2000: New Sumerian Cuneiform: Akkadian (Semitic) becomes dominant 2300-2205: Shun period of China 2300: Enheduana: h. priestess of Ur, d. of Sargon, 1st named author, wr. hymns 2291-2255: Naram-Suen: king of Akkad, Sumer & Elam, "The Mighty One", deified 2217-2193: Shar-kali-sharri: king of Akkad, lost Elam, raided Gutium, assassi. 2205-1767: Xia (Hsia) dynasty of China: founder: Yu the Great, Erlitou palace? 2200: Troy II: sacked in Great Fire, ~80x80m, rich walled coastal trade town 2189-2169-2154: Dudu - Shu-Turul: kings of Akkad, controlled Sumer, decline 2155-2142: Ur-Baba: king of Lagash 2148-2147: La'arab: king of Gutium, conquered Akkad from east, raided Sumer 2141-2122: Gudea: king of Lagash, "Cylinders of Gudea", son-in-law of Ur-Baba 2133-2113: Utu-hegal: king of Uruk, defeated foreign Gutium dynasty in 2130 2112-2095: Ur-Nammu: king of Ur, "Laws of Ur-Nammu": first extant law code 2094-2047: Shulgi: king of Ur, son of Ur-Nammu, northwest wall against Dedanum 2046-2038-2029: Amar-suena - Shu-Suen: kings of Ur, sons of Shulgi, Mardu wall 2028-2004: Ibbi-Suen: king of Ur, son of Shu-Suen, invasions, crop failures... 2000-600: first of seven periods of Chinese literature 2040-1786: Middle Kingdom of Egypt: founded by Nebhepetre Mentuhotep of Thebes 2000-1500: Egypt: 24 sign alphabet, 24 hours/day, sun/star/water clocks, Edwin Smith Papyrus of medicine & surgery, "Story of Sinuhe", "Book of the Dead", knotted ropes of 3-4-5 triangle; Babylon Marduk cult & Zodiac signs; Semitic alphabet; Palace of Mycenae; Palace of Minos @Cnossus Crete & base10 numbers with Linear-A script; King Cecrops of Attica Greece; India: polished marble water dam & 4 basic elements of earth-air-fire-water; Stonehenge 2000: horse riders invade from central Asia: Scythians, Centaurs, Satyrs ... 1934-1924: Laws of Lipit-Ishtar of Sumer 1926-1897: Pharaoh Amenemhet II: mines in Nubia and Sinai, contact with Crete 1900-1595: Amorites (Mardu) rule Akkad and Sumer (North and South Babylonia) 1900: Laws of Eshnunna of Babylonia 1897-1878: Pharaoh Sesostris II: Fayyumic depression converted to farm land 1878-1849: Pharaoh Sesostris III: invades Canaan, fortifies Nile 2nd cataract 1822-1763: Rim-Sin: king of Larsa, Sumer; conquered by Hammurapi 1813-1781-1741: Shamshi-Adad I - Ishme-Dagan I: kings of Assyria, Amorites 1792-1750: Hammurapi of Babylon: king of united Babylonia (Akkad & Sumer) 1758: Laws of Hammurapi: king of Babylonia, includes fees for eye surgery ... 1749-1712: Samsuiluna: king of Babylonia, battles with Kassites, Sealand ... 1655-1570: Egypt defeated and ruled by Semitic Hyksos "Shepherd Kings" 1650?: Hattusilis I: king of the Hittites, foundation of Hittite Empire 1595: Mursilis I the Hittite sacks Babylon ending Hammurapi (Amorite) dynasty 1595-1157: Kassites (mountain peoples?) rule Babylonia (Akkad and Sumer) 1570-1085: New Kingdom of Egypt: Ahmose I of Thebes frees Egypt from Hyksos 1554-1045: China united in Shang dynasty of 28-29 kings of Yellow River plain 1525-1510: Telipinus: king of the Hittites 1504-1450: Pharaoh Thutmose III: conquers and annexes Canaan, Syria, Sudan 1500-700: Vedic period of Indian Sanskrit lit.: "Rig-Veda", Aryan Invasion 1500-1000: Enuma Elish creation epic of Babylonia; Egypt: Cleopatra's Needle obelisk, water flow meter in tomb of Amenhotep III; China: silk, magic- squares/permutations/right-triangle-formulas, sun height in relation to incline of polar axis, 1st dictionary: Erh ya; Phoenicians mine tin for bronze in England; Hittite library has tablets in 8 languages; Laws of the Hittites; Kikkuli of Mitanni writes on horsemanship; Phrygians leave Thrace for Asia Minor; Dorians conquer Peloponnesus; Greek script Linear-B at Cnossus; height of Mycenaean culture; mural in Thebes of female musicians; Corinth founded; Ethiopian independence; Mexico: Olmec culture: Chiapa de Carzo, Sun Pyramid at Teotihuacan; Peru: Chavin culture 1500: Iron Age: by Hittites near Black Sea, "metal from heaven": meteorites 1500: Medes and Persians invade Iranian plateau 1500?: Parattarna: 1st king of Mitanni, @Washukanni between Hittites & Assyria 1480-1450: Idrimi: king of Alalakh (Tell Atshanah IV on Orontes), Syria 1450-1425: Pharaoh Amenhotep II: 3 Asian (Canaan & Syria) military campaigns 1425-1417: Pharaoh Thutmose IV: "Conqueror of Haru (Canaan & Syria)", & Nubia 1417-1379: Pharaoh Amenhotep III: height of empire, Babylonian correspondence 14th: Ugarit (Ras Shamra, Syria): 30-sign alphabet using cuneiform on clay 1390-1355: Tushratta: king of Mitanni (Hanigalbat,Hurrian,Horites), assassina. 1379-1362: Amarna period of Egypt: Pharaoh Akhenaton, first Monotheist?, Queen Nefertiti (Smenkhare?), "Hymns to Aton", Ps118:22-23?, 'realism' in art ... 1375-1334: Suppiluliumas I: king of the Hittites, height of Hittite Empire 1374-1360-1333: Kadashman-Enlil - Burnaburiash II: Babylonian kings 1363-1328: Ashur-uballit I: king of Assyria, foundation of Assyrian Empire 1361-1352: Pharaoh Tutankhamen: Akhenaton's Monotheism is rejected ... 1334-1306: Mursilis II: Hittite king, empire reached Aegean Sea? Syria? ... 1332-1308: Kurigalzu II: Babylonian king, campaigns against Elam & Assyria 1308-1290: Pharaoh Seti I: conquered Libya, Canaan campaigns to check Hittites 1306-1282: Muwatallis: Hittite king, fought with Egypt for control of Syria 1300: Lion Gate of Mycenae built, ancient site of Jericho abandoned (quakes?) 1300?: 1st wave of Hebrew Canaan invasion from Kadesh-barnea by Joshua [Nm33] 1290-1224: Pharaoh Ramses II: period of Hebrew (Egyptian: 'aperu?) Exodus? 1288: Battle of Kadesh: Egypt v. Hittites, Hittites advance south to Damascus 1273-1244-1207: Shalmaneser I - Tukulti-Ninurta I: Assyrian kings,found Nimrud 1269: peace treaty between Ramses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III the Hittite, Egyptian bases at Damascus and Sumur on coast, Hittites just north in Syria 1250-1200: Lachish, Kirjath-sepher/Debir, Eglon, Hazor, Bethel destroyed 1250: Troy VI: sacked (Homer's Trojan War? Earthquakes? Sea Peoples? ...) 1250?: 2nd wave of Hebrew Canaan invasion from Kadesh-barnea by Leah [Nm21:21] 1250?: Lachish Bowl: 7 letters of proto-Canaanite left to right writing, 1935 1234: Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria sacks Babylon, takes golden Marduk god 1224-1214: Pharaoh Merneptah: plunders Canaan, defeats Askelon, captures Gezer annihilates Yaro'am (town just south of Lake Galilee): "Israel [male gender, a tribe not a land] is laid waste and his seed is not.", earliest known reference to Israel [Unauthorized Version, R.L. Fox, 1991, p.225-226] 1219: Sea Peoples: attack Egypt; Libyan,Shardana,Lukka,Teresh,Shekelesh,Ekwesh 1214-1198: period of anarchy in Egypt, perhaps invasions from north? Jg3:3-10? 1200-1180: Wu Ding: Shang king of China 1200: Gilgamesh Epic: 12 tablets compiled in Uruk by Sin-liqiunninni (see2600) 1200: Hittite Empire mysteriously disappears (Sea Peoples? ...?) 1200: camel domesticated by fully nomadic Arabian Desert tribes (Bedouin) 1200?: Phoencian alphabet of 22 consonants 1198-1167: Pharaoh Ramses III: last of the great Egyptian kings 1183: Sea Peoples: attack Ramses in Canaan; ... Tjeker,Denyen,Peleset,Weshesh 1180: Troy VIIa: sacked (Sea Peoples? ...) [walled area ~2x Troy II] 1157: Elam conquers Babylonia, ends Kassite dynasty, takes golden Marduk god 1150?: Wen Wang: king of Zhou (western) China, "Count of the West", I Ching? 1125-1104: Nebuchadnezzar I: Babylonian king, reclaims Marduk idol from Elam 1125?: Battle of Deborah: Israel v. Canaan, key battle for Hebrews [Judg4,5] 1122-771: Zhou (Chou) dynasty of China: western at Hao, eastern at Luoyi 1114-1076: Tiglath-pileser I: Assyrian king, conquers Babylonia but prevented from taking Syria by Arameans who control and occupy Syria at this time 1100?: Izbet Sartah Abecedary potsherd: Old Hebrew alphabet left to right;1974 1050?: Philistines: Peleset Sea Peoples?, settled in Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gath and Ekron; defeat Hebrews in Battle of Aphek; Shiloh sacked [1S4 ...] 1006-1004: Saul: first king of Israel, defeated by Philistines [1S11:15 ...] 1004-965: David: king of united Israel, capital/fortress Jerusalem, Ark of Covenant, gains control of "King's Highway" trade route from Damascus to Edom, trades with Phoenicians at Tyre and Sidon, quells internal revolts ... 1000-586: first period (Classical) of Hebrew literature in Old Hebrew alphabet 1000: Troy VIIb2: Thracian settlement, site abandoned? (rebuilt as Ilion ~700) 1000?: King Ahiram of Byblos Sarcophagus Inscription: Phoenician alphabet 10th: Ionians exiled from Greece to Asia Minor where they found 12 cities inc. Miletus & Ephesus, Greek alphabet, Temple of Hera in Olympia; Hebrew alpha- bet: Song of Deborah [Jdg5], Song of Miriam [Exo15:1-18], Song of Songs 1st lit.; India: steel, 360 day year with solar adj.; China: Beijing founded, script fully developed (Chou wen), brush and ink painting, math textbook 965-928: Solomon: king of Israel, Jerusalem Temple, "Ten Commandments", height of culture, reign of peace, controls Via Maris (Sea Road) trade route along Philistian coast, leading trade state between Egypt & Asia Minor, marries Pharaoh's daughter, spice trade with Queen of Sheba, sea route from Ezion-geber on Red Sea to Ophir Africa, mines ... 945-745: 22nd Dynasty of Egypt: Libyan Dynasty, founded by Sheshonk I at Tanis 945-924: Pharaoh Sheshonk I: Libyan, harbors Jeroboam, seeds split [1K11:40] 934-912-891: Ashur-dan II - Adad-nerari II: Assyrian kings, wars with Syria 928: united Israel splits into Israel and Judah; Ammon, Moab, Edom independent 928-907: Jeroboam I: king of Israel (Northern Kingdom, 10 tribes) [1K11-14...] 928-917: Rehoboam I: king of Judah (Southern Kingdom, 2 tribes:Judah,Benjamin) 925: Sheshonk I (Shishak) sacks 150 cities of Israel & Judah, Jerusalem spared after Rehoboam pays tribute of Temple & Palace treasures[1K14:25,2Chr12:2-9] 917-908: Abijam: king of Judah, son of Rehoboam, campaigns against Israel 908-867: Asa: king of Judah, son of Abijam [1K14:31-15:24,1Chr3:10,2Chr13-16] 907-906: Nadab: king of Israel, son of Jeroboam [1K14:20,15:25-31] 906-883: Baasha ben Ahijah: king of Israel, kills entire Jeroboam family 9th: Babylonian Akkadian Cuneiform becomes common language of Mediterranean 890-884-859: Tukulti-Ninurta II - Ashurnasirpal II: Assyrian kings;Syrian wars 883: Ben-hadad I king of Damascus sacks Israel for Asa of Judah [1K15:17-20] 882-871: Omri: king of Israel, allies with Judah & Tyre, founds Samaria in 879 880-844: Aramu: (Arame, Aram) king of united Urartu (Armenia) 879-842: Ben-hadad II: king of Damascus (Syria, Aram), murdered by Hazael 871-852: Ahab: king of Israel, son of Omri, regains King's Highway, marries king of Tyre's daughter Jezebel bringing cult of Melqart & temple to Samaria 858-824-811: Shalmaneser III - Shamshi-Adad V: Assyrian kings 853: Battle of Qarqar: Assyria v. Syrian alliance which includes Ahab and wins 851-842: Jehoram: king of Israel, son of Ahab [2K1:17,3:1;5-9,2Chr22:5-6] 850: Mesha Victory Stele: stone in Old Hebrew, records victory (attributed to Chemosh god) of king Mesha of Moab against kings Omri & Ahab, 1868 [cf. 2K3] 850?: Homer: Greek Epic Poet, pseudonym?, "Iliad and Odyssey"; Loeb: 4 vols. 849,848,845: Assyria continues campaigns agaist Syrian alliance 842-796?: Hazael: king of Damascus; takes Ammon, Moab, Edom in 814 ... 842-815: Jehu: king of Israel, with Elisha kills Jehoram,Jezebel,Ahaziah,all Ahab's offspring & followers & destroys Melqart temple in Samaria [2K9-12] 814-800: Jehoahaz: king of Israel, son of Jehu [2K10:35,13:1-9] 814: Elissa and Pygmalion of Tyre found Carthage (mythical?) 810-783: Adad-nerara III: king of Assyria, sacks Damascus in 796 [2K13:5] 800-500: Dharma-sutra period of Indian Sanskrit literature: "Upanishads" 800-784: Joash: king of Israel, sacks Jerusalem, raids Temple in 785 8th: Greeks settle on Spanish coast, found Messina & Syracuse in Sicily, High Priestess of Thebes, Apollo worshiped at Delphi, Spartan Laws of Lycurgus, Laws of Minos of Cnossus; Babylonian 5 and 7 tone scales, Egyptian fable: "Battle of Head & Belly"; Syria adopts Aramaic; Chinese perfect precision bronze casting, "Shih ching" (Book of Odes) is 305 poems of 1751-770 period 798-769: Amaziah: king of Judah, regains Edom, looses war v Israel [2K14:7-22] 785-760: Argishti I: king of Urartu (Armenia), founded Erevan in 782 784-733: Uzziah: prince-regent then king of Judah, son of Amaziah [2K15:1-7, 2Chr26:1-3], Yahwist (J) source of Genesis-Numbers (Mosaic Law) written 784-748: Jeroboam II: son of Joash, last important ruler of Israel [2K14:23], Elowist (E) source of Genesis-Exodus (Mosaic Law); Hosea,Amos,Micah written 776: first recorded Olympic Games, perhaps as early as 1350, women excluded 775: Sept 6: solar eclipse recorded in China 771-221: Eastern Zhou (Chou) dynasty of China 763: June 15: solar eclipse recorded in Ashur, Assyria 753: Romulus founds Rome: son of Mars, brother of Remus, raised by she-wolf, mythical?, year 1 in 10-month solar calendar (a.u.c. = anno urbis conditae) 747-734: Nabu-nasir: Babylonian king, astrology, "Babylonian Chronicle" begun 744-727: Tiglath-pileser III: Assyrian king, conquered Babylonia, dominant power, captured Damascus in 732, transforms Syria into Assyrian province ... 730-700: Hesiod: Greek poet, 1st Greek lit. on origins of gods: "Theogony", also "Works & Days", "Shield of Heracles", names the 9 Muses: (Clio:history, Euterpe:music, Thalia:comedy, Melpomene:tragedy, Terpsichore:dance, Erato: elegy, Polyhymnia:lyric-poetry, Ourania: astronomy, Calliope:eloquence) Loeb 728-675-653: Deioces - Phraortes: Median kings of Iran, at Ecbatana, mythical? 727-698: Hezekiah: king of Judah, son of Ahaz, Siloam Inscription in Old Heb- rew alphabet in Jerusalem water tunnel ~705 [2K16:20;18-20,1Chr3:13,4:39...] 727-722: Shalmaneser V: king of Assyria, son of Tiglath-pileser III, captured Samaria and Israel in 722, expelled Jews, new nation of Samerina [2K17:3-6] 721-705: Sargon II: Assyrian king, recaptures Babylonia, Syria, Samaria 721-710,703: Merodach-baladan II: Babylonian king, Chaldean, allied with Elam 715-672: Numa Pompilius: 2nd king of Rome, adds Jan & Feb to Romulus' calendar 712-663: 25th Dynasty of Egypt: Ethiopian (Nubian) Dynasty, founded by Shabaka 704-681: Sennacherib: Assyrian king, sacked Jerusalem in 701, Babylon in 689 700-200: second period of Chinese literature 7th: 1st Isaiah (1-39) written; Greek: Apollo/Dionysus cult, 1st Doric columns in Peloponnesus, 1st Ionic columns on Samos, Acropolis; Babylon's Marduk Temple (Tower of Babel?); China: "I ching" (Book of Changes): 'yin-yang', "Shu ching" (Book of History) covers 3000-630; Aramaic common language of Middle East; Murabba'at Palimpsest oldest extant Hebrew papyrus 690-638: Manassseh: king of Judah, sacrificed his son to Molech ... [2K21:2-7] 685-546: Lydia: Mermnad dynasty founded by Gyges, electrum (gold-silver) coins 685-645: Rusa II: king of Urartu (Armenia), castle Karmir-Blur, decline ... 689-663: Pharaoh Taharka: Ethiopian, aided Jerusalem in revolt against Assyria 683: Athens abolishes hereditary kingship, instead Archons serve one year term 680-669: Esarhaddon: Assyrian king, son of Sennacherib, defeated Taharka in Philistia in 679, conquered Nile Delta region in 671, Assyrian held till 649 668-627: Ashurbanipal: Assyrian king, sacks Babylon in 648 after 4year revolt, height of empire, golden age of divination, library of 22,000 clay tablets 667-648: Shamash-shuma-ukin: Babylonian king, brother of Ashurbanipal 663-343: Late period of Egypt 650: Sappho of Lesbos: Greek poetess; (Loeb Classics with Alcaeus) 648: April 6: solar eclipse recorded by Floruit of Archilochus 638-609: Josiah: king of Judah, institutes reforms, Deuteronomy (2nd Mosaic Law) found in Temple in 621, Book of Kings written [1K13,2K22-23,2Ch34-35] 625-605: Nabopolassar: Babylonian king, Chaldean, founder of Chaldean dynasty 625-585: Cyaxares: Median king of western Iran, drove out Scythian invaders 621: Draco of Athens: writes "Draconian Laws", death for most offenses 616-509: Etruscans of northern Italy invade and rule Rome as Tarquin Kings 614: Medes of western Iran sack city of Ashur, Assyria 612: Ninevah destroyed by Babylonians and Medes, end of Assyrian Empire 609-593: Pharaoh Necho II: regains Syro-Palestine, starts Nile/Red Sea canal 609: Necho II dethrones Jehoahaz of Judah, installs Jehoiakim as king [2K23] 605: Battle of Carchemish: Nebuchadnezzar II defeats Necho II on Euphrates 604-562: Nebuchadnezzar II: Babylonian king, Chaldean, son of Nabopolassar :::::::::::::: bce2 :::::::::::::: [600-1bce (before conversion era): last revision: 16Aug95 lines: 490] 6th: Axis Era (Confucius, Lao Tzu, Buddha, Pythagoras,Deutero-Isaiah,Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) ...) called the zenith of human wisdom and achievement, Babylonians develop 19-year cycle lunisolar calendar (~2hr/19yr deviation from solar), Mayan civilization in Mexico, oldest extant Latin, Fables of Aesop, theatre arts begin in Delphi, Age of 7 Wise Men of Greece: Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Solon, Cleobulus, Periander, Chilo; height of oracle at Delphi and its priestess, Athens builds public libraries, Hecatompedon, Temple of Olympian Zeus; Mahavira Jina (Vardhamana) founds Jainism, Shwe Dagon Pagoda of Burma, Temple of Artemis @Ephesus, European La Tene culture, Temple of Apollo at Corinth, Temple of Ceres at Paestum, Romans begin building with semicircle arched ceilings adopted from Etruscans, T. Priscus builds 1st Roman stone bridge, first record of circumnavigation of Africa, by Phoenicians for Pharaoh Necho, took 3 years 600-559: Cambyses I: Persian king (eastern Iran), father of Cyrus II 598: Nebuchadnezzar II dethrones Jehoiachin of Judah, installs king Zedekiah 590: Zedekiah of Judah revolts against Babylonia with Egyptian assistance 587: Lachish Letters: ostraca, classical Hebrew on 21 potsherds, 1935/38 586: Judah, Jerusalem, Temple fall to Babylonia; Jews, Scrolls, Temple goods exiled to Babylon; Temple destroyed; Jeremiah flees to Egypt & dies [2K25] 586-538: Jewish Babylonian Captivity: ended by Persian conquest of Babylonia 585-550: Astyages: last Median king (western Iran), overthrown by Cyrus II 580: Heraion: Greek temple of Hera the Queen of Heaven on island of Samos 575?: Priestly (P) source of Genesis-Numbers (Mosaic Law) written in Babylon 575?: first appearance of Athenian coins 568: Nebuchadnezzar II invades Egypt, apparently failed 562-560-556: Amel-Marduk - Nergal-shar-Usur: Babylonian kings 561: Solon: b.640, Athenian statesman, "Laws of Solon", repealed Draconian Law except for homicide; Loeb: "Parallel Lives, v1, Solon" by Plutarch (120ce) 560?: Deuteronomist (D) source of Joshua to Kings written in Babylon 559-529: Cyrus II the Great: founded Persian Achaemenid Empire, pony express, conquered Lydia in 546, Babylon in 539, advocated freedom of religion ... 555-539: Nabonidus: Babylonian king, Chaldean, promoted moon-god Sin of Harran 553?: Zarathushtra: b.630?, Persian Dualism (Good/Evil ...), Zoroastrianism 552-543: Bel-shar-usur: (Belshazzar), acting regent of Babylonia while father Nabonidus in Tema, Arabia (in exile? worshipping Arabian moon-god? ...) 547: Anaximander of Miletus: b.611, Greek philosopher, 1st Greek sundial? 546: Thales of Miletus: b.636, Greek philosopher, water is primary substance, 1st known accurate prediction of solar eclipse in Europe: 28May585; (Loeb) 538-167: 2nd period of Hebrew literature: Aramaisms, square script adopted 538-530: Cyrus grants Temple rebuilding to Sheshbazzar & Zerubbabel, Ez1:1f in Hebrew, Ez6:3f in Babylonian Aramaic, work halted during Cambyses II reign 531?: Lao-tzu:b.604?,571?,pseudonym?,Li Er?,Chinese philosopher,"Tao Te Ching" 530: 2nd Isaiah (40-55) written in Babylon by Deutero-Isaiah, proclaims Cyrus as Jewish Messiah because of his decree to rebuild Temple [I44:25-45:4] 529-522: Cambyses II: Persian emperor, son of Cyrus II, conquered Egypt in 525 526: Anaximenes of Miletus: b.586, Greek philosopher, air is primary substance 522-486: Darius I: Persian emperor, founded Persepolis, extended empire to 20 satrapies (provinces), conquered India's Punjab in 517-509, Thrace in 512 521: Buddha goes to the holy city Benares, India; first sermon in deer park 515: 2nd Jerusalem Temple construction completed during Darius I reign [Ez6] 509-27: Roman Republic: founded when Tarquin Kings were expelled after rape of Lucrece, 2 consuls elected yearly, Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 508: Cleisthenes: introduces sweeping democratic reforms in Athens 507: unsuccessful attempt by Sparta to oust Cleisthenes & restore aristocracy 507: Pythagoras: b.582, Greek mathematician, numbers are primary substance 500-200: Classical period of Chinese Philosophy 500-200: Dharmasastra (or smrti) period of Indian Sanskrit lit.: "Sutras" 500-300: Classical Greek: Attic Greek of Athens becomes standard Greek 500: Susrata: Indian surgeon performs cataract operations 500?: Parmenides: Greek philosopher, founded Eleaticism at Elea, Italy: "motion & change are illusions, only immovable & immutable Being is real" 499-479: Greece's "Persian Wars": Persia fails to conquer Greece 498: Temple of Saturn in Rome 494: Plebeians (Plebs) revolt in Rome: tribunate formed with Concilium Plebis 490: Aug 12: Battle of Marathon: ~26 miles from Athens, Greeks defeat Persians 486-465: Xerses I: Persian emperor, halts Babylonian revolt and melts their golden Marduk god in 482, sacks Athens in 480, decline, assassinated 483: Heracleitus: b.544, Greek philosopher of Ephesus: "permanence is illusion and constant change is only reality"; coined "Logos" (Word) as 3-fold: order creator; order sustainer; rationality expressed as written language 483?: Buddha: Siddhartha Gautama, b.563?, Indian philosopher, Buddhism 480-380: height of Greek drama at Athens 479: K'ung Fu-tzu: Kung Ch'iu, Confucius, b.551, Chinese philosopher, founder of Confucianism, sayings recorded in "Lun-yu" (Analects), coined "Tao" (Way) Golden Rule: "What you do not like done to yourself, do not do to others" 478: Delian League: formed by Athens against Persians, rebuilds city walls 468?: Aristides the Just: b.530?, Athenian statesman and general; (Loeb) 465-425-424-405: Artaxerxes I - Xerxes II - Darius II: Persian emperors 464: democracy in Syracuse, Sparta damaged by earthquakes 462-429: Pericles: b.495, democratic leader of Athens, Athenian golden age 460-404: Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, end of Athenian power 460: Athens captures Memphis, Egypt; held to ~454 457: "Long Walls" built at Athens 456: Aeschylus: b.525, Greek "Father of Tragedy", introduced second actor, scenery & costumes to Athenian theatre, wrote: Suppliant Maidens; Persians; Prometheus; 7 Against Thebes; Agamemnon; Libation Bearers; Eumenides; 2 Loeb 453-221: "Warring States" period of China: Zhou/Jin/Wei/Han/Zhao/Chu/Yan/Qi 451: "5-year truce" between Athens and Sparta 451: 3 Roman senators sent to Athens to study "Laws of Solon" (560) 450: Decemvirs codify Roman Law: "XII Tables"; Loeb: "Remains of Old Latin" v3 450?: Torah: (Mosaic Law), compiled from E,J,P,D sources in Babylon 450?: Diagoras of Melos: first Greek Atheist?, "Ho Atheos" (The Atheist) 450?: Celts invade British Isles 450?: Papyrus Elephantine: in Aramaic, Jewish military colony in Egypt on Nile island of Yeb, Yahu (YHW) god temple (destroyed in 410), also Eshem ('SM) god and Anath ('NT) goddess, also Bethel (BYT'L) and Herem gods, ... 1907/8 448: Treaty of Callias: Persia supports Athens against Sparta 447: construction begins of Athenian Classical Temples on the Acropolis 446: "30-year truce" between Athens and Sparta 445: Nehemiah comes from Babylon to aid Temple rebuilding at Jerusalem [Nh1-6] 443: Pindar: b.522?, Greek lyric poet (Loeb Classics) 432: Greek mathematician Meton adopts 19-year cycle lunisolar calendar 431: August 3: solar eclipse recorded in Greece [Thucydides 2.28.2] 431: Temple of Apollo in Rome 430: Book of Ruth written 428: Samaritans build temple at Mount Gerizim in Samaria 425: Herodotus: b.484?, Greek "Father of History", Loeb Classics has 4 volumes 423: "1-year truce" between Athens and Sparta 421: "50-year truce" between Athens and Sparta, "Peace of Aristophanes" 412: Treaty of Miletus: Persia switches support to Sparta against Athens 410: Protagoras: b.480, Greek philosopher, Sophist Agnostic banned from Athens, "Man is the measure of all things", "truth is subjective" ... 409: Rhodes built by Greek architect Hippodamus of Miletus 406: Euripides: b.480?, Greek Dramatist: Cyclops, Orestes, Electra; Loeb: 4 v. 406: Sophocles: b.496?, Greek Dramatist, introduced third actor and expanded chorus from 12 to 15 in Athenian theatre, wrote: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, Ajax, Electra, Trachiniae, Philoctetes; Loeb Classics 2v. 405-359: Artaxerxes II: Persian emperor, plagued by revolts, Egypt etc. 405-367: Dionysius the Elder: Tyrant of Syracuse, major power of Greek Italy 404: Sparta defeats Athens, "Long Walls" destroyed, "Thirty Tyrants" rule 403: "Thirty Tyrants" of Athens overthrown, democracy restored by Thrasybulus 403: Tzu-ssu: b.482, Chinese philosopher, wrote: "The Central Harmony" 400: Thucydides: b.460, Greek historian: "History Peloponnesian War"; Loeb: 4v 400: Tsou Yen: Chinese philosopher, founder of Naturalists 400?: 1st 7 chapters of "Chuang-tzu" written by Chuang Chou; Chinese Philos. 400?: Ch'un-ch'iu: "Spring & Autumn Annals", of 12 Chinese rulers from 722-481 400?: Li-chi: "Book of Rites" by Tseng Tzu; lost "Book of Music" by Yueh ching 399: Socrates: b.470?, Greek Philosopher, condemned to death by hemlock 398?: (458?) Ezra brings Torah (Mosaic Law) to Jerusalem from Babylon [Neh8] 397: first war between Carthage and Syracuse 395-387: Corinthian War: Corinth and Athens v. Sparta, involved Persians 394-391: "Long Walls" rebuilt at Athens 391?: Mo-tzu: Mo Ti, b.470, Chinese philosopher, founded Moism: Universal Love 390: Gauls from northern Italy under Brennus sack Rome, "Vae victis" 388: Aristophanes: Athenian dramatist: "Archarnians; Knights; Clouds; Wasps; Peace;Birds;Frogs;Lysistrata;Thesmophoriazusae;Ecclesiazusae;Plutus" Loeb 3v 387: Plato (347) founds "Academy" (school of Philosophy) at Athens 383: second war between Carthage and Syracuse 380-343: 30th Dynasty: founded by Nekhtnebf I, last native dynasty of Egypt 380: Lysias: b.459, Greek orator, wrote: "Oration 1", "Oration 32" 377: city walls of Rome built 375-335: Papyrus Samarian: in Aramaic, fragments of legal documents 371: Battle of Leuctra: Sparta defeated by Thebes, begins decline in power 370: Hippocrates: b.460, Greek "Father of Medicine"; Loeb Classics has 6 vols. 368: third war between Carthage and Syracuse 367-344: Dionysius II the Younger: Tyrant of Syracuse, disciple of Dion (354) 367: Persians standardize 19-year cycle lunisolar calendar 366: Temple of Concordia in Rome 360?: Yang Zhu: (Yang Chu), b.440, Chinese philosopher, accused of hedonism 359-336: Philip II: king of Macedon, dominant Greek power, assassinated 359-338: Artaxerses III of Persia: Jews revolt 350; Egypt recap. 343;assassin. 356: China begins building Great Wall against Huns 355: Xenophon: b.434, Greek soldier and historian; Loeb Classics has 7 vols. 354: Dion of Syracuse: b.409?, Platonic philosopher & statesman, assassinated 350: Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah, Jonah, Job; written in Jerusalem 350: Heraclides: disciple of Plato, teaches heliocentric system 350: Chuang-tzu: Chinese philosopher (tzu means Master) 350: Mahabharata: Indian epic (inc. Bhagavad Gita) recounts events 1400-800bce 347: Plato: b.427?, Greek Philosopher, ideas are primary substance; Loeb: 12v. 343-341: first Samnite (central Italy) War of Rome 343: Aristotle begins teaching Alexander the Great the Son of Zeus & a virgin 340-338: Latin Wars: Rome defeats rebellious Italian cities 340: Praxagoras of Cos discovers difference between arteries and veins 340?: Buddhism splits: Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) & Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle) 339: Publilian Laws of Rome: reform led by Quintus Publilius Philo 338-336-331: Arses - Darius III: Persian emperors, both assassinated 338: Battle of Chaeronea: Macedonians conquer Athens, control Greece 338: Isocrates: b.436, Athenian orator, advocated Pan-Hellenism; Loeb: 3v. 338: first Roman coins 336-323: Alexander the Great of Macedon: founded Alexandrian Empire, b.356 335: Aristotle returns to Athens, founds Lyceum: Peripatetic philosophy school 334-331: Alexander the Great defeats Darius III at Granicus, Issus, Gaugamela 332: Alexander conquers Egypt, founds city of Alexandria (center of Hellenism) 331: Babylon falls: Alexander is "Son of God" at oracle of Amun in Siwa, Egypt 330: Greek explorer Pytheas of Massilia (Marseilles) reaches Britain 327: Alexander invades India to the Indus river but generals turn back 326-304: 2nd Samnite (central Italy) War of Rome 325: earliest extant Greek papyrus: "Persae of Timotheus of Miletus"; Loeb: 3v 323: June 10: Alexander dies, "Diadochi" (successor) inheritance wars begin 323-322: Lamian War: unsuccessful revolt of Athens against Macedonian rule 323: remaining Jews in Judea sent to Alexandria, Egypt by Ptolemy I Soter 323: Diogenes the Cynic: (kuon:dog), b.412?, lived in a barrel in Athens ... 322-297: Chandragupta: founds Mauryan Empire of India, expels Greeks, Jain? 322: Aristotle: b.384, Greek Philosopher, logic is primary substance; Loeb:24v 322: Demosthenes: b.384?, Greek orator, "Philippics", etc.; Loeb: 7 volumes 319-314: Syria ruled by Ptolemy 315: 4 years war: Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimachus v. Antigonus 314-301: Antigonus I Cyclops: founds Antigonid Empire of Macedon, rules Syria 311-281: Seleucus I Nicator(victor): founds Seleucid Empire of Syria & Antioch 307: Museum and Library of Alexandria begun under Ptolemy I Soter 305-281: Lysimachus: king of Thrace, killed in battle against Seleucus 305-282: Ptolemy I Soter (savior): founds Ptolemaic Empire of Egypt 305-297: Cassander: king of Antigonid Empire of Macedon 305: Chandragupta defeats Seleucus and extends Mauryan Empire into Afghanistan 301: Battle of Ipsus: Antigonus defeated & killed, Judea under Ptolemaic rule 300-550ce: Koine (Common) Greek from Alexandria becomes standard Greek 300: Ramayana: Indian epic, life of Rama, the ideal man and king 300: Atetello at Teotihuacan: Mexican sun temple 300?: Euclid: Greek Mathematician, "Elements"; Loeb Classics with Thales 300?: Hsiao ching: "Book of Filial Piety"; Chinese Confucian philosophy 298-290: 3rd Samnite War of Rome: Roman control of central & southern Italy 297-273: Bindusara: king of Mauryan Empire of India, conquers southern India 294-288: Demetrius I: king of Antigonid Empire, surrenders to Seleucus in 285 293: first Roman sundial [Pliny (79ce): Natural History 7.213] 292: Menander: b.342?, Greek dramatist, wrote "Sententiae"; Loeb: 3 volumes 288?: Meng-tzu: Mencius, b.371?, Chinese Confucian philoso., "Book of Mencius" 287: Lex Hortensia: Roman Law reform by Quintus Hortensius 287: Theophrastus: b.372, Greek Peripatetic philosopher; Loeb: 5 volumes 282-246: Ptolemy II Philadelphus (sister-loving): Egypt/Judea/Samaria/Galilee; Torah (Mosaic Law) Greek translation: Septuagint/LXX/70 in Alexandria, lost 281-261: Antiochus I Soter (savior): king of Seleucid Empire of Syria 279-276: Gauls invade Macedon (Northern Greece) 276-239: Antigonus II Gonatas: Antigonid king, married Antiochus' sister 276-272: 1st Syrian War: Ptolemy II defeats the Seleucids under Antiochus I 275: end of history of city of Babylon the Great 275: Manetho: Egyptian high priest writes "History of Egypt" in Greek; (Loeb) 275: Colossus of Rhodes: bronze Helios sun god, destroyed by earthquake in 224 275?: Appius Claudius: Roman Censor, Appian Aqueduct, Via Appia, letter "G"... 273-232: Asoka the Great: Buddhist king of Mauryan Empire, united India in "Unity of Diversity", erected 40ft. columns inscribed with "Laws of Right Conduct & Nonviolence" picked up later by Thoreau, Gandhi, M. L. King ... 270: Epicurus: b.341, Greek philosopher wrote: "Kuriai Doxai" (Prin. Doctrine) 269: Denarius: first appearance of this Roman silver coin 264-241: First Punic War: Rome v. Carthage, Rome gained Sicily 264: Roman public gladiator combats begin 262?: Zeno of Citium: b.336, founder of Greek Stoic philosophy 261-246: Antiochus II Theos (God): Seleucid King, married Ptolemy 2's daughter 260-253: 2nd Syrian War: Antiochus II and Antigonus II defeat Ptolemy II 260: Theocritus: b.300, Greek pastoral poet, wrote 31 short poems 250: Ecclesiastes: written in Hebrew 250: Synagogues: places to study Torah (Mosaic Law), appear 250: Arcesilaus founds Second Academy of Athens 250?: Epistle of Jeremiah: Greek fragments found at Qumran Cave 7 (Septuagint) 250?: Apollonius Rhodius: Greek epic writer, wrote: "Argonautica" 250?: Apollonius of Perga: Greek Mathematician, "Parabola, Hyperbola, Ellipse" 247-224ce: Parthian Empire (neo-Persian): founded in modern NE Iran by Arsaces 246-222: Ptolemy III Euergetes (benefactor): rules Egypt/Judea/Samaria/Galilee 246-225: Seleucus II Callinicus (glorious in victory): lost Parthia/Asia Minor 246-241: 3rd Syrian War: Ptolemy III gains control of Eastern Mediterranean 240: Callimachus: b.305, Greek epigrammist, wrote Aetia;Iambics;Hymns;Hecale 238: Ptolemy III attempts Egyptian calendar reform to 365.25 days, rejected 238: Romans capture Sardinia then Corsica from Carthage 233: Sun-tzu (tzu means Master): Chinese philosopher, wrote "The Art of War" 233: Han-fei-tzu: Chinese philosopher, founder of Legalists, cf. Machiavelli 230: Xunzi: (Hsun-tzu), b.298, Chinese philosopher, opposed Confucianism 227-221: Antigonus III Doson: Antigonid king of Macedon, controls Greece 225-223: Seleucus III Soter (savior): king of Seleucid Empire of Syria 225: Quintus Fabius Pictor: first Roman historian 223-187: Antiochus III the Great: Seleucid king, rules Jud/Sam/Gal til 217 222-204: Ptolemy IV Philopator (father-loving): decline of empire begins 221-179: Philip V: king of Macedon 221-207: Qin (Ch'in) dynasty of China: Shi Huangdi defeats "Warring States" 221-217: 4th Syrian War: Ptolemy defeats Antiochus, rules Jud/Sam/Gal til 198 218-201: Second Punic War: Rome v. Carthage, Rome gained Spain 214-205: 1st Macedonian War: Rome attacks Macedon for siding with Carthage 213: "Burning of the Books": ordered by Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi of China 212: Archimedes: b.287, Greek mathematician, buoyancy, screw, lever, ... 204-180: Ptolemy V Epiphanes (God-manifest): rapid decline of empire 202-9ce: Western Han dynasty of China: founder Liu Bang (Gaodi), at Chang'an 201-195: 5th Syrian War: Seleucid Empire regains control of E. Mediterranean 200-0: early Torah (Law) Sages: Antigonus of Sochoh, Jose ben Johanan of Jeru- salem, Jose ben Joezer of Zereda in Samaria, Joshua ben Perahiah and Nittai of Arbel in Galilee, Simeon ben Shetah, Judah ben Tabbai, Shemiah, Abtalion 200-46: Rome: calendar in theory adjusted every year by the Pontifices (High Priests) so that annual sacrifices would occur in the same seasons from year to year, but in practice the calendar diverged widely from true solar year 200-100: period of Early Latin literature such as Plautus (184) 200-196: 2nd Macedonian War: Rome defeats Philip V of Macedon 200: Book of Esther written in Hebrew in Susa, Persia 200?: 4QSam(b): Hebrew 1 Samuel fragments from Qumran Cave 4, LXX text-type 200?: 4QDt(q): Hebrew Song of Moses frags. from Qumran Cave 4, LXX text-type 200?: Targums: begun, paraphrases of Torah (Mosaic Law) into W. Syrian Aramaic 200?: Tobit: 3 Aramaic & 1 Hebrew mss. frags. found Qumran Cave 4 (Septuagint) 200?: Li Szu: writes San ts'ang: Chinese dictionary of 3,300 symbols 200?: Ma-wang-tui silks: oldest and complete Tao Te Ching (Taoism), Lao-tzu 190-159: Artashes I: Armenian king, founded Artaxiad dynasty 198: Antiochus III reclaims Jud/Sam/Gal, begins extreme missionary hellenism 197: Athens under Roman rule after Roman defeat of Macedonians 195: Eratosthenes: b.275, Greek scientist, calc. earth's circumference & tilt 190: March 14: solar eclipse in Rome [Livy: Ab Urbe Condita 37.4.4] 187-175: Seleucus IV Philopator (father-loving): Seleucid king of Syria From ???@??? Sun Oct 08 20:37:15 1995 Received: from quack.kfu.com (138@quack.kfu.com [204.147.226.1]) by sonic.net (8 .6.10/8.6.10) with ESMTP id RAA08594 for; Mon, 9 Oct 1995 17:26: 07 -0700 Received: (from pharvey@localhost) by quack.kfu.com (8.6.12/8.6.12) id RAA28360 for ric@sonic.net; Mon, 9 Oct 1995 17:26:31 -0700 From: Paul Harvey Message-Id: <199510100026.RAA28360@quack.kfu.com> Subject: Re: INDEX To: ric@sonic.net (ric carter) Date: Mon, 9 Oct 1995 17:26:30 -0700 (PDT) In-Reply-To: <199510092125.OAA30882@sonic.net> from "ric carter" at Oct 9, 95 02 :25:37 pm X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4 PL22] MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Length: 409893 X-UIDL: 813296303.000 185: Mauryan dynasty ends, Hinduism restored, Jains & Buddhists persecuted 184: Plautus: b.254, Roman playwright, "Early Latin"; Loeb Classics: 5 volumes 182: Hannibal: b.247, Carthaginian general, crossed the Alps with elephants 180-145: Ptolemy VI Philometer (mother-loving): rapid decline of empire 180?: Wisdom of Jesus ben Sirach (Vg: Ecclesiasticus): written in Hebrew in Jerusalem, Hebrew manuscripts found at Masada and Qumran Cave 2 (Septuagint) 180?: Aristophanes of Byzantium: Alexandrian librarian, invented vowel accents 179: Pons Aemilius: oldest extant stone bridge in Rome 175-164: Antiochus IV Epiphanes (God-manifest): Seleucid king, persecuted Jews 175: Jerusalem High Priest Jason builds gymnasium for Greek athletic games ... 175?: Papyrus Rylands 458: R957, Greek Deuteronomy fragments, ~20v from 23-28 171-138: Mithradates I: Parthian king, controls all of Persian Plateau 171-168: 3rd Macedonian War: Rome defeats Perseus, Macedon split: 4 republics 169: Ennius the Poet: b.239, "Father of Latin Literature"; Loeb Classics: 4v. 168: June 21: lunar eclipse in Rome [Livy: Ab Urbe Condita 44.37.8] 168: Antiochus IV plunders and desecrates Jerusalem Temple & erects Zeus altar 167: Dec: Antiochus IV abolishes Temple worship, Jews forced to eat pork ... 167-164: Hasmonean (Maccabean) Revolt: Judean response to Antiochus IV [1Mac2] 165: Daniel: written in Jerusalem, ~1/2 Aramaic, some basis in past: 280-180 164: Dec: Jerusalem Temple rededicated by Judas Maccabaeus son of Mattathias 164-63: Hasmonean (Maccabean) Kingdom of Judea 164-162: Antiochus V Eupator (born-of-noble-father): Seleucid king of Syria 160-144: Jonathan Maccabaeus: High Priest and King of Jerusalem, assassinated 159: Terence: b.185, African brought to Rome as a slave, wrote comic dramas Andria, Hecyra, Heauton timorumenos, Eunuchus, Phormio, Adelphi; Loeb: 2v 150?: Judith: original written in Hebrew, ironic moralist novel (Septuagint) 150?: Psalms 151-155 (Peshitta), LXX:Ps151, Hebrew:Qumran:11QPs(a):151,154,155 150?: Pausanias: Greek geographer & historian; Loeb Classics has 5 volumes 150?: Papyrus Nash: Decalogue (Ex20) and Shema (Dt5) in Hebrew, 1949 150?: Papyrus R819: Greek Deuteronomy 11:4 149-146: Third Punic War: Romans kill 450,000 in brutal sack of Carthage ... 149-148: 4th Macedonian War: Rome crushes revolt, end of Macedonian resistance 149: Cato the Elder: b.234, Roman Chief Jurist, wrote: "de Agri Cultura"; Loeb 147-139: Viriatus of Lusitania (Portugal) rebels against Rome, assassinated 146: Greece under Roman rule 145-116: Ptolemy VIII Physcon (pot-bellied): cruel, expels Alex. scholars ... 145-142: Antiochus VI Epiphanes Dionysus (Dionysus Manifest): Seleucid king 144-135: Simon Maccabaeus: Ethnarch & High Priest of Jerusalem, expels Syrians, annexed Jaffa, assassinated [1Mac13-16] 141-87: Wudi (Wu Ti): emperor of China, Confucianism state ideology, silk road 138-129: Antiochus VII Sidetes (of Side): Seleucid king of Syria 139: Liu An writes "Huai-nan-tzu": an encylopedia of Chinese philosophy 135-104: John Hyrkanos I: Ethnarch & High Priest of Jerusalem, "Age of Expan- sion", annexes Trans-Jordan, Samaria, Galilee, Idumea. Forces Idumeans to convert to Judaism, hired non-Jewish mercenaries, etc., Pharisees & Sadducees , "Sadducees have their support only among the rich, and the people do not follow them, while the Pharisees have the people for their ally" [JA13.298]; Samaritans compile their own version of the Torah using Old Hebrew script; Qumran community established (Dead Sea Scrolls - 1949), Essene sect?, mostly Hebrew scrolls 134-132: 1st Servile War: unsuccessful slave uprising in Sicily against Rome 133: Asia Minor (modern Turkey) annexed by Rome 132: Ecclesiasticus: (see 180) translated into Greek by grandson (Septuagint) 130: 1 Maccabees: Greek translation of lost Hebrew original (Septuagint) 130: Pergamum killed in Rome for attempting a Utopian uprising (Sun-city) 128-124-87: Artabanus I - Mithradates II: Parthian kings, control Mesopotamia 125-96: Antiochus VIII Grypus (hook-nosed): Seleucid king of Syria 125?: Additions to Greek Daniel: Prayer of Azariah (after Dn3:23) (Septuagint) 125?: Hipparchus: Greek Astronomer, calc. year length to 7 min. (365.25-1/300) 125?: 1QIsa(a): full Hebrew "Isaiah Scroll" from Qumran Cave 1, MT text-type [most "Dead Sea Scrolls" are of MT text-type and verify its antiquity] 120-63: Mithradates VI Eupator: b.133, king of Pontus (Asia Minor) 120: 2 Maccabees: Greek based on earlier lost Greek original (Septuagint) 120: Polybius: b.203?, Greek historian, Loeb Classics has 6 volumes 116-107,88-81: Ptolemy IX Lathyrus (chickpea): Roman influence in region 114: Zhang Qian: (Chang Ch'ien), Chinese explorer, tours India-Parthia-Greece 107-88: Ptolemy X Alexander I: displaced Ptolemy IX then overthrown 107,104-100: Marius: consul of Rome 105: Jugurtha king of Numidia Africa defeated by Marius and Sulla of Rome 105: first College of Technology in Alexandria, founded by mathematician Heron 104: Judah Aristobulus I: High Priest and King of Jerusalem, was a brute ... 103-76: Alexander Jannaeus: High Priest and King of Jerusalem, was cruel ... 102-99: 2nd Servile War: unsuccessful slave uprising in Sicily against Rome 100-0: period of Classical Latin literature such as Cicero (43) 100: Ossuaries (stone bone boxes) with Greek inscriptions appear in Jerusalem 100: tomb of Goliath family linked to Temple Priesthood, inscriptions in Greek 100?: most of the Jewish Scriptures available in Greek translation(s?) 100?: Additions to Greek Daniel: c.13: Bel & Dragon c.14: Susanna (Septuagint) 100?: Enoch: 8 Aramaic manuscripts found at Qumran Cave 4 (Ethiopic Bible) 100?: Jubilees: 10 Hebrew manuscripts at Qumran Caves 1,2,4 (Ethiopic Bible) 100?: Papyrus R801: Greek Leviticus 26:2-16 found at Qumran Cave 4 100?: Papyrus R805: Greek Exodus 28:4-7 found at Qumran Cave 7 100?: Wisdom (of Solomon); 1 Esdras (LXX:Esdras A, Vg:3 Esdras); 1 Baruch; Prayer of Manasseh (cf. 2Chr33:1-19); all written in Greek (Septuagint) 100?: "Letter of Aristeas": describes Septuagint (282-246) translation of Torah by 72 Jerusalem Temple delegates, 6 from each of the 12 tribes, in 72 days, for Library of Alexandria, etc.; mythical? 95-83: Antiochus X Eusebus (pious): Seleucid king of Syria 95-56: Tigranes II the Great: Armenian king, conquered Mesop. & Syria till 69 90-88: Social War: Italian revolt against Rome, Italians granted citzenship 90: Vitruvius: Roman architect & engineer, wrote: "de Architectura"; Loeb: 2v 90: Sima Qian: (Ssu-ma Ch'ien), b.145, Chinese historian: "Shiju" (Shih Chi) 88-84: 1st Mithradatic War: Mithradates of Pontus (Asia Minor) beat by Sulla 88-87: Civil War in Rome: Sulla takes control 87-84: Cinna and Marius seize control of Rome when Sulla in Pontus, purges ... 86: Sulla of Rome sacks Athens for revolting during 1st Mithradatic War 83: Roman Temple of Jupiter burned, original Roman Sibylline (Crone Prophetess) Oracles destroyed, temple rebuilt in 76 83-78: Sulla regains control of Rome, rules as "dictator for life", purges ... 83-81: 2nd Mithradatic War: Sulla continues attack after false peace treaty 82: Alexander Polyhistor of Miletus writes a history of the Jews in Greek 80: Ptolemy XI: ap. by Sulla;married former Queen;murdered her;murdered by mob 80-58,55-51: Ptolemy XII Auletus (piper): hated;expelled;restored by Gabinius 80-72: Roman general Sertorius leads Spanish revolt, crushed by Pompey 78: Esther: translated into Greek in Jerusalem (Septuagint) 76-67: Salome Alexandra: Queen of Jerusalem, last ~independent Judean ruler 75-67: Hyrcanus II: High Priest of Jerusalem, son of Salome Alexandra 75?: Papyrus Fouad 266: R847-8, Greek Dt11,17-33 frag.; square Hebrew Tetragrm 74-63: 3rd Mithradatic War: Romans complete Pontus conquest, annexed to Asia 73-71: 3rd Servile War: Spartacus' slave uprising; crushed by Crassus & Pompey 70: Crassus and Pompey: consuls of Rome 69-64: Antiochus XIII Asiaticus: last king of Seleucid Empire of Syria 67-63: Aristobulus II: High Priest & King of Jerusalem, Hyrcanus II's brother 64-63: Conspiracy of Catiline in Rome against Cicero's consulship 64: Pompey the Great of Rome conquers last of Seleucid Kingdom in Syria 63: Caesar elected Pontifex Maximus (Highest Priest) by Roman Senate 63: Pompey conquers Jerusalem, selects Hyrcanus II over Aristobulus II 63-41: Hyrcanus II: back as High Priest in alliance with Antipater the Idumean 60-53: "First Roman Triumvirate": Caesar-Pompey-Crassus 58-51: Julius Caesar's "Gallic Wars" (modern France), names Britannia (UK) 57-55: Gabinius: Roman proconsul of Syria, split Hasmonean Kingdom (164-63) into Galilee, Samaria, Judea with five districts of "synhedria" (G4892:sunedrion:Sanhedrin): Jerusalem/Jericho/Amathus/Sepphoris/? 56-34: Artavazd II: Armenian king, playwright, murdered by Antony & Cleopatra 55: Lucretius: b.99, Roman poet & philosopher, wrote "de Rerum Natura"; (Loeb) 54: erection of new (Julian) forum in Rome 54?: Gaius Valerius Catullus: b.84?, Roman lyric poet, wrote "Carmina"; (Loeb) 53: May: Roman Triumvir Crassus killed during failed invasion of Parthia 51-47: Ptolemy XIII: deposed his sister Queen Cleopatra VII in 49 50?: Psalms of Solomon: Hebrew written in Jerusalem (Septuagint) 50?: Additions to Greek Esther: 1 & after 3:13,4:17,5:2,8:12,10:3 (Septuagint) 50?: Papyrus R802: Greek Lev 2-5 frags, Qumran Cave 4, Greek Tetragramm.: IAO 50?: Papyrus R803: Greek Numbers 3:30-4:14 fragments found at Qumran Cave 4 50?: Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) Sutras of Buddhism written in India 49: Roman Senate, led by Pompey, orders Caesar to disband his armies in Gaul 49: Jan 10: Caesar "crosses the Rubicon" river and invades Italy 49: Mar: Pompey, defeated by Caesar at Brundisium, flees to Greece 48: Jun-Sep: Caesar defeats Pompey @ Pharsalus Greece, pursues Pompey to Egypt where Pompey murdered, establishes mistress Cleopatra VII as Queen of Egypt 48-44: Gaius Julius Caesar: b.102, Julio-Claudian dynasty, wrote: "Bellum Gallicum" (Gallic War) in 51, "Bellum civile" (Civil War) in 47; Loeb: 3v. 47-44: Ptolemy XIV: Caesar orders marriage of sister Cleopatra who killed him 47-40: Phasael: governor of Jerusalem, elder son of Antipater the Idumean 47-40: Herod: governor of Galilee, younger son of Antipater the Idumean, earns a reputation of being tough on Jews, kills Hezekiah without a trial ... 47: Aug: Caesar defeats Pontic army at Zela, Asia Minor, "Veni, vidi, vici" 47: Library of Ptolemy I Soter in Alexandria destroyed by fire 46: Jan-Apr: Caesar's campaigns in North Africa (which becomes Roman province) 46: Julian (Roman) Calendar: 365.25 days with leap year (initial set to solar) 46: Cato the Younger: b.95, Roman Chief Jurist, opposed Caesar;commits suicide 46: Nov: Caesar's campaign against remnant Pompeian forces in Spain 44-31: Ptolemy XV Caesarion (little-Caesar): Caesar's son by Queen Cleopatra 44: Caesar declared "dictator for life" by Roman Senate 44: March 15: "Ides of March", Caesar assassinated by Cassius, Casca, Brutus, etc., "Et tu Brute?", civil war breaks out, Cassius claims Eastern Empire 43: Roman Senate declares war on Mark Antony, Octavian wins 2 battles at Mutina, then 2nd Triumvirs agreement till 32: Mark Antony takes East, Octavian takes Italy, Marcus Lepidus takes Gaul, all enemies are murdered 43: Cicero: b.106, Roman lawyer, orator & politician, 'Classical Latin', executed by Octavian in 2nd Triumvirs purge; Loeb Classics has 28 volumes 42: Caesar declared God by Roman Senate 40: Mark Antony marries Octavian's sister Octavia to seal Perugia treaty 40: Parthia invades Syria, Herod escapes to Rome, Phasael commits suicide 40-37: Mattathias Antigonus: Hasmonean High Priest and King of Jerusalem 39: Herod appointed king of Judea in Rome by Mark Antony and Octavian Augustus 38: Romans recapture Syria (E. Mediterranean) from Parthians (neo-Persians) 37: July: Herod captures Jerusalem with help of Roman legions 37-4: King Herod the Great of Judea: b.73?, "Massacrer of the Innocents" (4?), kills Antigonus and all heirs (end of Hasmonean dynasty), Octavian said: "One would rather be Herod's swine than his son", posed as a champion of hellenic culture, purely Greek inscriptions used on coins and weights, Herod's Jerusalem was thoroughly hellenic with Greek theatre and Hippodrome 36: Mark Antony dumps wife Octavia, marries Cleopatra VII the Queen of Egypt 35-33: Octavian conquers Illyria (Dalmatian coast) 34: Sallust: b.86, Roman historian and politician; (Loeb Classics) 32: Octavian has Roman Senate declare war on Mark Antony (Triumvirs canceled) 31-14ce: Octavian Augustus: b.63, 1st Roman emperor, son of Apollo and virgin 31: Sept 2: Octavian & Agrippa defeat fleet of Antony & Cleopatra at Actium 30: Egypt annexed as Roman province, Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide 29: Roman Temple of Divus Julius (Divine Julius) dedicated 28: Oct 9: Roman Temple of Apollo dedicated 27: Jan 13-16: Roman Senate honors Octavian: Imperator Caesar Augustus 27: Roman Pantheon: built by Agrippa (12) to honor all gods of the empire 27: Marcus Terentius Varro: b.116, Roman scholar, "de Lingua Latina"; Loeb: 2v 25: 3 Maccabees: (Ptolemaica), written in Greek in Alexandria (Septuagint) 25: Cornelius Nepos: b.100?, Roman historian; (Loeb Classics) 25?: Papyrus R942: Greek Genesis 7 and 38 fragments 25?: Roman Planetary Week: Saturn/Sun/Moon/Mars/Mercury/Jupiter/Venus 22-19: Augustus tours Eastern Empire to set eastern frontier in order 19-4: Herod rebuilds a hellenized Jewish Temple, includes Roman eagle gate ... 19: Vergil: (Virgil), b.70, Roman Poet: "Aeneid", "Georgics" ... Loeb: 2v 19: Albius Tibullus: b.54?, Roman poet; (Loeb Classics with Catullus) 18: Leges Juliae: Augustus' moral laws, punishes childless and adulterers 15: Agrippa (Herod's personal friend) visits Jewish Temple with sacrifices 15?: Sextus Propertius: b.50?, Roman poet; (Loeb Classics) 12: Augustus elected Pontifex Maximus (Highest Priest) by Roman Senate 12: Roman Temple of Vesta dedicated, maintained by Vestal Virgins 12: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa: b.63, Roman general, Augustus' right hand 10: Herod inaugurates his new city of Caesarea; invades Nabataea (Arabia) in 9 8: Horace: b.65,Roman Poet:Carmina;Epodi;Satirae;Epistulae;Ars Poetica;Loeb 2v 6?: Herod executes Zealots who attempt to remove Roman eagle gate from Temple 4?: "Massacre of the Innocents", Herod executes all infants, mythical? [Mt2] 4-6ce: Herod Archelaus: son of Herod & Malthace (Samaritan), ethnarch of Judea 4-34ce: Philip: son of Herod & Cleopatra, tetrarch of Iturea & Trachonitis 4-39ce: Herod Antipas: son of Herod & Malthace, tetrarch of Galilee & Perea 4: Passover riot in Jerusalem, 1 cohort + ~3,000 Jews killed [JW2.10,JA17.204] 2: Roman Temple of Mars Ultor (Avenger Wargod) dedicated (first erected in 20) ::::::::::::::